“a Caring and Supportive Family Is the Main Building Block of a Community.” Discuss.

————————————————- â€Å"A caring and supportive family is the main building block of a community. † Discuss. Family can be defined as a group of people who have blood ties and who usually live under one roof forming a small community. The traditional concept of this would be a man and a woman who have a legal bond living under one roof with their offspring but when circumstances alter this arrangement the subsequent arrangement that arises does not make obsolete the bonds and relationships and the influence each member of that unit has on each other to form values and ethics that would contribute towards the building of communities. As such a caring and supportive family is the main building block of a community as it helps to mould individuals into positive social characters and personalities who contribute towards building a healthy community. However sometimes even though the family is caring and supportive the individual may fail to become one who contributes positively towards building a healthy community, on the other hand there may be individuals who come from dysfunctional families but are able to contribute towards the community because of other factors. The texts that will be used are The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton, Muriel’s Wedding directed by P J Hogan and The Family by Anne Deveson. Firstly a caring and supportive family moulds an individual into a positive social character by building self-esteem and by guiding and helping the individual to realise the potential he or she has. [ts] They may even sacrifice to ensure that the individual is taken care off and disruptions to the individual’s life is minimised thus helping the person face traumatic experiences and eventually develop in them a social conscience to reach out to help the community. On the other hand, when there is no care and support that ensures that the welfare of the individual is secured than the individual may feel cut adrift and may lose all their self-esteem and feel that they are a useless member of society and as such may only focus on their own needs and become insensitive to the needs of others and end up not contributing towards building a better community. This can be seen from the haracters in the novel ‘The Outsiders’ where the two older brothers, Darry and Sodapop, sacrifice their futures and take on the responsibility to hold the family unit together to give stability to the life of their younger brother Ponyboy. They do this so that Ponyboy has the opportunity to fulfil his potential by having a stable home, guidance and support to excel in his studies so that he can have a better life. Pony is eventually able to weather the storms that he faces because his brothers stick by him and support him emotionally and physically. When Pony gets hurt saving the children from the burning church and is sent to the hospital, Darry is at the hospital waiting for him even though it is Pony’s unthinking actions that got Pony into trouble. Darry does not give up and retreat from Ponyboy. In the same token Sodapop does his best to try and help Darry and Pony understand each other. Darry and Sodapop are there for Pony all the time and Darry nurses and cares for him like a mother when Pony collapses after Johnny and Dally’s death. Darry’s perseverance in caring for Ponyboy and Sodapop’s emotional support and understanding eventually manages to shake Pony out of his stupor and depression and he begins to understand his brothers and their needs. This in turn helps Pony to take a grip of his life and come to terms with the grief and trauma of losing loved ones and to move on with his life. It is then that he is able to see that he has a social responsibility to tell people the story of Johnny and Dally so that they can understand boys who live on the wrong side of the cities better. Thus the care and support of his family is what helps Pony through his traumatic experiences and moulds him to be a person who is able to care about others and awakes in him a social conscience which helps to build a strong community. On the other hand Muriel from the movie ‘Muriel’s Wedding’ has little care and support that helps her develop her potential. Her family is dysfunctional. Her father is a corrupt politician who bribes and takes bribes. He is also very loud and bullies his wife and children and constantly makes derogatory remarks about them and especially Muriel all the time. Added to this he also commits adultery and blatantly brings his lover into family gatherings. Muriel does not get any form of guidance from her mother, Betty, who is weak and meek and blinds herself about the state of her marriage by ignoring the blatant adulterous relationship her husband is having with Deidre. Betty seems to cope with these problems by retreating and blurring out details she can’t face. This lack of guidance and bad examples in Muriel’s family results in moulding Muriel into some one who has low self-esteem as well as ethics. She does not think twice about using the blank cheque her mother gives her by mistake and uses all the money in the account in pursuing her own gratification by going to the same resort as her so called friends. Seeing how her Father makes use of friendships for his own gains, Muriel too, later, uses Rhonda’s friendship and support, when she runs away to Sydney, to fulfil her dreams of having a life similar to an Abba song. When Rhonda gets ill, she promises Rhonda to be there for her but eventually dumps Rhonda when she realises that Rhonda will not be able to walk. She deserts her friend who is in need at that point without a tinge of guilt and does not seem to be bothered by the fact that she has betrayed a truly sincere friend. Thus it is clear that Muriel is such a selfish character because of the lack of support and care from her family that have moulded her into a person who could only care for herself and her needs, without any social conscience to look to the needs of another which thus makes her an individual that would not be able to contribute towards building community. A caring and supportive family can also help an individual to develop positive personality traits such as the ability to overcome debilitating circumstances such as poverty and an unstable childhood and take his or her place in the community. On the other hand if the family is dysfunctional, the individual may not be motivated to do anything to get out of the rut and make something of himself or herself by getting a job and contributing positively to the building of the community. We can see how positive family support helps Anne Deveson from the passage titled The Family to learn to deal with her debilitating circumstances of poverty and an unstable childhood. From what she writes we learn that she and her family go through very hard times with points in their life when her parents could barely keep food on their table let alone enjoy the luxury of going for a movie. They have to constantly move and have to share their homes with other families. At one point the family even faces physical separation, yet we know that Anne eventually becomes a successful writer despite this background. Anne herself tells that she was able to do so because no matter how hard life became she did not lack warmth affection and loving. Through all their difficulties the parents always communicate as best they can with the children and persevere in keeping touch with them although they have problems sharing and talking to each other as can be seen at the time Anne’s father would visit her on weekends even though they could not communicate with each other. Anne’s mother’s example also taught her how to be resilient and to cope with problems by focusing on something else. Thus Anne learns never to give up and to face life head on to take her destiny into her own hands and contribute towards the building of a community. Conversely, when a family is dysfunctional, it is difficult for an individual to develop positive character traits that will see them contributing positively towards the building of a community. This can be seen in the character of Muriel’s brother in the movie, Muriel’s Wedding. From the beginning of the movie this character is portrayed as a jobless lout, who sits around watching television all day and orders his mother to do things for him following his father’s example. He also faces verbal abuse from his father who seems to drum into him that he is a useless individual and thus behaves like one too. He, in no way contributes to his family or society. In fact he too becomes a bully like his father and verbally abuses his mother at a time when she is facing emotional trauma because her husband has left her. This insensitivity is probably a catalyst that leads to Betty’s suicide. From this it can be seen that an individual’s home life influences the individual’s character as can be seen in the case of Muriel’s brother who gets no proper guidance from either mother or father. Added to this, he is only exposed to negative behaviour and examples from the father which results in a lazy and loutish character who has no respect for any one not even his own mother. Thus making him an individual who does not seem to have any motivation and interest to make something of himself and so is unable to contribute towards building community. While families that are caring and supportive help individuals to become people who contribute positively towards building a healthy community, there are also times when they may fail because of other factors that also influence the individual. In the same token an individual may come from a dysfunctional family but may be able to contribute positively towards the community because of other factors. This can be seen in the case of Randy from the novel the outsiders. Randy is influenced by the Soc’s and especially his best friend Bob. He joins them in rabble rousing and jumping Greasers. He is also one of those who were with Bob on the night Johnny was jumped and beaten so badly that it caused Johnny to carry a kinfe. As Randy later shares with Ponyboy it becomes obvious that Randy comes from a decent family and one who stands by him in trouble. He is given proper guidance by his father to tell the truth at the inquiry into Bob’s death. From this it can be seen that before Bob’s death Randy had been a destructive person and joined all the acts of aggression and violence of his group despite a family who was loving and caring. At that point of his life Randy was a person who was not capable of contributing towards the building of a community because he just followed his peers without discerning right from wrong. He did not do anything to prevent Bob from doing things that caused harm to others and which eventually cost Bob his life. On the other hand there are also times when the family is dysfunctional and yet the individual develops positive character traits and is able to contribute towards building society. This can be seen in the case of Johnny whose family is dysfunctional. He is abused and neglected and finds shelter with his Greaser friends who do their best to be there for him and support him. At first Johnny’s world is bleak and so negatively impacted by his home life that he shares with Ponyboy that he feels like committing suicide. But after the incident of his killing Bob and running away with Ponyboy, Johnny begins to realise that life can be good. At this point in his life it is his Greaser friends who stand by him. This prompts him to decide to return and face the consequences of his actions rather than drag Ponyboy down with him and become fugitives from the law. This ability to discern and make a life giving decision leads him to take responsibility that he and Ponyboy may have caused the fire and thus go into the burning church to rescue the children. Johnny thus gives his life so that these children may have a chance for a better life than himself. Thus despite coming from a dysfunctional family, Johnny makes decisions that help him achieve personal growth and contribute towards the community because he receives care and support from his friends. In conclusion a caring and supportive family provides an individual with the platform to build self-esteem and realise their potential as well as develop positive personality traits. In this way they can contribute towards the growth of the community. In the same token, despite the fact that they may have a caring and supportive family, ther e are individuals who may fail to contribute positively towards a community and those with dysfunctional families who may end up contributing positively towards a community due to other factors. But the bottom line is that a caring and supportive family is the main building block of the community for we need positive individuals to help influence those who may come from dysfunctional families.

Poverty in Mexico Essay

The purpose of this report is to show that poverty in Mexico is a social problem which not only speaks as an economic problem , but from this, many other problems arise, such as migration and this affect the ethics and morals of other countries, such as ours that is so close to this problem. To understand this, we must first identify some of the most important factors that cause it, and by the hand , the consequences they themselves have . Inequality in Mexico is considered one of the big reasons for the poverty grow every day , where discrimination is directly reflected . In addition, in this country they have an exaggerated population growth , where four out of ten Mexicans are poor, according to the data reflected in the Mexican economy. Not being enough with this, we must include the consequences that this itself gives, such as violence, and with this we realize that ignorance in that country, becomes a negative result too of the deficiencies that mexican society has, ending all this in migration to other countries, such as united states. INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY In the past 25 years, real household income raised 1.7 % to 10% of the wealthiest Mexicans, but only 0.8 % for the poorest 10%. This is where we can prove that inequality in Mexico is undoubtedly a poverty country detonator, because it is much higher the percentage of poor than rich people. This is the result of a country where salaries for people in high command are very high, but for people in lower positions, as a worker, the pay is low even though they are people with fewer opportunities and more need. Faced with this, we need to be informed that Mexico is a country where discrimination is really practiced, against different population groups , either by age, cultural, ideological , and religious issues. Because of all these discriminations, old people, disabled people or just not sexually preferred gender people, live on a limited way, being unemployed , not  having the same opportunities for growth than others and being part of a society where poverty tend to get bigger. POPU LATION GROWTH IN AN UNPREPARED COUNTRY Between 2010 and 2013 the number of poor Mexicans increased in 500,000 people , from 52.8 million to 53.3 . This was because population growth in Mexico is high compared to what the government of the country can handle , causing â€Å"extreme poverty† , occurring when people have 3 or more social deprivations. With increase in population, there is more demand for services and, in the short term , need of work , and since Mexico is a country with more por people than the rich and middle class, the poor class is the one that grows the most, so increases become more and the government fails in covering them completely. The attention of the needs of a rapidly growing population becomes challenging for a country’s ability to manage its resources efficiently, and in Mexico since the resources are not enough for everyone, this just makes it even more complicated over time , for example, people living in rural areas, can not get access to potable water, electricity, food and ba sic needs to survive. RESPOND TO POVERTY Another aspect that is related to poverty , is violence , which occurs when people encounter obstacles to their personal and social development , which is why in addition to the factors that cause it , also the consequences of poverty affect the entire country. In September this year, the unemployment rate raised at 5.29 % according to INEGI, and because of this, the level of violence and crime in Mexico also increased . Although people can get a decent job , â€Å"sometimes it is not enough to cover our needs for living†, was the general answer in an interview made by the economist portal in the capital of the country, and poverty then starts to affect ethical and moral life, having the need to put by a side principles and having first the need to live well, or at least to live and this is where the country starts having more assaults, robberies , kidnappings and drug-related activities and illegal acts . In studies ,the highest rates of homicides and kidnappings occur in the poorest areas of the country. THE IGNORANCE IN PEOPLE Last but not least, there is a poverty that is not material, but it is one of the worst consequences of all , ignorance of the Mexican population. This problem is so big that it becomes at the same time the mos important proved fact that increased extreme poverty in the country. Ignorance is a result of the people in poverty that does not have enough resources to have studies and get a carrer, and because of this they have close doors to many job opportunities and growth. Government is aware that they need to invest more in education, to eradicate ignorance and by doing so, try to assure there will be less inequality and more social justice. However, in the country many times education is not the primary importance in people, and it is getting in the highest number of illiterate people , without any title study . â€Å"When someone knows rights and obligations, is able to be self efficient†, an study in poverty or ignorance declares. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, Mexican poverty is constantly growing not only because the factors that create it are really much more than we can come to perceive every day , such as discrimination, or inequality in jobs and opportunities, but also extends to a level of inequality based on race, religion and beliefs , making the moral of the country little , and this bringing violence, which is a result of the desperation of people in getting a prompt solution to their problems , an easy way to get money and an ignorant way to express their needs as human beings, and migration as the result of not getting what they need or what they expect to sruvive in their owm country, looking for ways of growth out there.† The poverty analysis should be focused on the possibilities for an individual to function, rather than the results you get from that performance † (Amartya Sen, 31). REFERENCES: C.Quesada (Agosto 2001) Amartya Sen y las mil caras de la pobreza. Recuperado de: http://www.iadb.org/idbamerica/spanish/jul01s/jul01s2.html Unicef (2010) Pobreza y Desigualdad. Recuperado de: http://www.unicef.org/mexico/spanish/17046.htm INEGI (20 Feb 2013) Estadà ­sticas de Pobreza en Mà ©xico. Recuperado de: http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/Contenidos/estadisticas/2013/justicia0.pdf Yair Montes (1 Agosto,2013) El Economista, La situacià ³n actual de pobreza en Mà ©xico. Recuperado de: http://eleconomista.com.mx/columnas/agro-negocios/2013/08/01/situacion-actual  -pobreza-mexico Mario Luis Fuentes (Marzo 2013) Excelsior, Discriminacià ³n y pobreza siguen siendo grave problema. Recuperado de: http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2013/03/26/890852

King Lear †Existentialism Essay

The term existentiality was used in the work of philosophers in the 1800s and the 1900s. The concept holds that people should focus on dealing with the present conditions of individual persons while taking into account the individuals’ emotions, responsibilities, actions, and thoughts. This concept is reflected in Shakespeare’s King Lear play. For, example, King Lear knows that it is his responsibility to equally share his kingdom among his three daughters. He however decides to divide his kingdom to his daughters according to how the daughters supposedly love him. He thus disinherits Cordelia because of her genuineness which does not please him. Instead, he shares his realm to his other two daughters since Cordelia speaks to him bluntly. Even though Cordelia’s statement is temperate and honest, it makes King Lear annoyed. By making this decision, King Lear demonstrates that he is not rational but is just thinking of himself. King Lear shows absurdism in sharing his kingdom because he should share his wealth equally to his three daughters. He instead decides not to share it to Cordelia even though she is one of his daughters but he thought was not pleasing to him. He should not have ranked as one of his daughter. By being either good bad, King Lear’s daughters remain his. He should also understand that what happens to a bad person can as well happen to a good person. This concept is evident later when we see his 2 daughters, who he formerly thought as special, seeing their father as foolish and old. On the other hand, Cordelia has a reason to decide to stay alone without cooperating with her fellow sisters because of what her father did to her. Her sisters could have reasoned and told their father that it was unfair not to give Cordelia a share of his kingdom since she was their sister. Their actions however show that they are also selfish. Cordelia is in perpetual despair after her father refuses to bequeath to her a portion of his kingdom even though she is married by the king of France later. Moreover, King Lear denies Kent facticity by sending him away from the country for being against the decision of the king to refuse to give a share to his wealth to Cordelia – his daughter. This is despite the fact that Kent returns into the country baring a new name – Caius. King Lear’s authenticity makes him not to change his decision regarding how he has divided his wealth. In addition, King Lear facticity makes him employ Caius without knowing that Caius is indeed Kent whom King Lear previously sent from his country. While experiencing his own freedom as angst, King Lear discovers that his two daughters do not respect him any more for they are now powerful. Moreover, and their father at this time now does not have any power to control them. King Lear experiences anxiety and anguish after having seen that his daughters are ungrateful. This issue makes him to be enraged. He thus recalls the facticity that he gave to his daughters and feels very infuriated. He thus summarily denounces the daughters. At the end, King Lear is very embarrassed due to his two daughters who now do not respect him until he becomes mad. Cordelia and Kent, whom he thought as useless, are taking care of him.

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Theories in Movies - Essay Example In conjunction with the uncertainty reduction theory, these theories affirmed that their applications enabled greater understanding of what actually transpired among the characters. Likewise, through the application of these theories, effective understanding of the intended messages was ultimately achieved. The selected movie is ‘The Man without a Face’ (Gibson, 1993). One selected the Narrative Theory or the Narrative Paradigm as a means to draw three conclusions of its applicability in the movie. According to the narrative paradigm, â€Å"humans are storytelling animals. The Narrative Paradigm proposes a narrative logic to replace the traditional logic of argument. Narrative logic, or the logic of good reasons, suggests that people judge the credibility of speakers by whether their stories hang together clearly (coherence and whether their stories ring true (fidelity)† (McGraw Hill Companies, 2001, p. 1). The narrative theory was seen to be applicable in the movie through the perspective of the main character, Chuck Nordstadt. At the beginning of the movie, Chuck was viewed to be narrating an incident where he was apparently at the center of the parade being honored for all the positive performance he exhibited. Apparently, Chuck was only dreaming. This is the first example from the movie where the narrative theory was clearly applied. Secondly, another story was delivered by Chuck’s sister, Gloria, who told Chuck the real story behind Chuck’s father’s death. Again, the narrative theory was evident since the actual story of what happened to Chuck’s father apparently happened years ago and without the knowledge of Chuck. Chuck’s mother and sisters deliberately withheld the information from Chuck. When Chuck learned about it, he was devastated. As such, Chuck obviously did not believe Gloria and had to search for documents to confirm and verify the accuracy of the story. The example fits the description of

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For art - Research Paper Example s: Apr 11, 2014 – May 03, 2014.†4 These photos prove that society stages what the female body â€Å"is† through showing how they â€Å"should† act and look like.5 Sherman’s â€Å"1977-80 Film Stills† demonstrates that the framing of the female body in the media is a form of mechanical reproduction that destroys women’s autonomy over their identity because mechanical reproduction and its meanings reinforce repressive socioeconomic systems and gender stereotypes. Through reproducing familiar, general female movie images in photos, Sherman uses hyperquotationalism and irony to challenge social conventions that control and dominate the construction of the female self. Sherman uses film allusions because film, according to Walter Benjamin, reproduces images that destroy the aura of art, and in this case, film destroys the art of autonomy on womanhood by creating gender conventions. Film is considered as a product of its context, where it can reflect social values and practices or question it. In other words, society creates films that create society. Benjamin argues that mechanical reproduction destroys the aura or soul of art because â€Å"the technique of reproduction detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. By making many reproductions it substitutes a plurality of copies for a unique existence.†6 The reproduction process is a detaching process, or a process that takes away the human element from the output. Film, in connection, Benjamin says, also destroys art because it is manipulated (i.e. through editing and other content and cinematic techniques) to represent limited or distorted perceptions of reality.7 Films fr om the 1940s to 1960s, even up to now, are full of gender stereotypes. By being constantly made and viewed, films, in effect, are promoting these stereotypes as female standards. Sherman uses photography to copy cinematic images that are â€Å"charged† with subjective meanings that decrease or make it hard to know difference

Homeless young women Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13000 words

Homeless young women - Coursework Example The results showed that there is a demographic profile for the homeless young women specifically in terms of age, number of children, and educational attainment; the level of community acceptance of the homeless and vulnerable component of the society is above average due to the category of Always; the supporting people support workers always observed the diminutions of population who have nowhere to live; the supporting people support workers often bear the homeless young women's need for transport resulting to the diminution of impediments in the conveyance of care from hospitals to for example Nightingale hostel at Cardiff, in the United Kingdom; the supporting people support workers often guaranteed that the homeless young women were afforded hospitalization services to diminish the chances of relapse that would require another hospital medical attention; and the homeless young women with children often depend on supporting people support workers whilst staying at Nightingale hos tel in Cardiff, the United Kingdom. Respondents of the study (homeless young women) were asked to an... At the end of this chapter the recommendations and conclusions were formulated to enlighten the future researches who wish to do the same subject of the study and the predictors of this research. The extent of dependent of homeless young women with children on support workers whilst staying at a Nightingale hostel A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of In Partial Fulfilment Of the requirements for By Nickola Shaddad 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Theoretical Framework of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Scope and Delimitation of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 DEFINITION OF TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. LITERATURE

Chose Topic after reading Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chose Topic after reading Instruction - Essay Example They believed in predetermination; God already choosing people who would be saved. Winthrop hoped that the new society would serve as an example to other Christians to emulate. Winthrop’s gave a sermon in which he urged his group of Puritans to remain faithful to the Lord in order to enjoy worldwide praise and glory. This sermon was to help the Puritans uphold high moral standards that would inspire the rest of the world into adopting their pattern. In essence, what Winthrop was able to do was to set up a community that established foundations to the modern religious life of doing good for the Lord. Key to this foundation was their adoption of predetermination and their will to purify the church from corruption (PennState World Campus, 2015). From the demands of purity that were championed by the Winthrop led Puritans during the colonial era, another shift occurred during the revolution era. However, this new shift questioned the earlier foundation of predetermination that was fronted by the earlier Puritans. A key element of the new shift, which was known as The Second Great Awakening, was the belief that an individual could play a part in their salvation by believing in God and Jesus Christ. During the Second Awakening, spiritual techniques such as adult baptism, which are part of the modern religious beliefs, were fronted. Charles Finney was an outstanding proponent of the Second Great Awakening. He encouraged people to attend revival meeting and gave equal chance to both men and women to give accounts of their religious experience. It is evident that the Second Awakening is an origin of the modern religious life. People taking an active part in religious communities, praising, and praying to God in public, characteri zes modern religious life. Therefore, it is evident that the work performed by Finney and others with regard to the Second Awakening shaped religion during

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Film Review - Essay Example The film is a drama for survival. The genre of the film is survival drama. The genre includes many films such as Cast away, Into the Wild, Buried etc. All of them portrays the hero fighting for survival. However, 127 hours is the only film which has done it beautifully in the case of canyons / mountains. The film does not have special audience as it was appreciated and well perceived by a majority of the viewers, it is of greater interest for those who look forward for survival drama films or are into mountain climbing. All the critics very well took the film, and James Franco was appreciated for his convincing performance. Thesis Statement: When you are stuck in the middle of nowhere, and you run short of ideas and techniques to help yourself and to fight for your survival, there is always a hope and a way out. This outstanding beam of hope tells us what we would have done if we were in that situation. This is the reason why I like the film and have watched it twice. There are times when a person commits huge mistakes and has plenty of time to think over it. Same case happened with Aron (James Franco) the hero of 127 hours when he also made a mistake and met with a severe incident. It all starts when Aron goes for a canyoneering in canyons, south of Utah’s Canyon Lands National Park. He meets two hikers on his journey and guides them to an amazing underground pool. The film takes a thrilling turn, when Aron falls into one of the narrow canyon slots of the Blue John Canyons. He is trapped into that isolated canyon slot when lose boulder falls to the bottom of the canyon right after Aron which smashes his right hand against the canyon wall. He shouts for help, but since he was in an isolated location and nobody was near him therefore he realized that he is on his own. He tried every possible way out, which failed. Then he started to video tape his messages to his family on his video camera. With the help of his pocket

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Global Environmental Change - Assignment Example hauls it to a centralized facility where workers or a machinery separate the wastes for recycling may found in understanding the characteristics and application of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the entropy law. What is Entropy? Requadt defines to Entropy as the amount of energy that cannot be converted into mechanical work. (Requadt, 2010). The term entropy is a measure of the degree to which energy has lost the capacity to perform useful work. Energy quality: According to the first energy law, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, one might think there will always be enough energy. Yet when you fill a cars tank with gasoline and drive around something is lost. If it isnt energy, then, what is it? The second law of energy, also known as the second law of thermodynamics provides the answer to this question. Energy varies in its quality or ability to do useful work. For useful work to occur energy must move or flow from a level of high-quality (more concentrated) energy to a level of lower-quality (less concentrated) energy like manifestation of the Second Law can be stated quite simply: Heat always flows spontaneously from hot (high-quality energy) to cold (low-quality energy). Heat energy will not flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It would be foolish to try to warm our hands on a block of ice although there is considerable heat in the ice. If we compare the heat of ice with the heat of liquid hydrogen, ice would appear to be very hot, indeed. It would be easy to build a machine that runs on the heat differential between the cold block of ice and the much colder liquid hydrogen. However, since the heat in the ice is at a much lower level than the heat in our body, heat cannot flow from the ice to our hands. We cannot warm our hands by immersing them in ice. We have always known this fact. Now we know why we cannot warm our hand by touching a block of ice. Any time work of any kind is done some energy is lost. In every mechanical

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Introductory financial accounting - Essay Example storical cost basis of presenting the information is more consistent and reliable way of presenting the information as compared to recording the information at fair value. This is mostly due to the implausible assumptions behind the computation of fair values by the organizations. Current financial crisis has highlighted once again the issues related with the use of market to market and convergence of accounting standards. It is widely accepted that one of the key reasons for the financial crisis was mark to market accounting under which banks were forced to write down the values of their assets and hence book the losses in their accounts. Mark- to Market value process therefore has the capability to create financial instability. (Enria, 2004). However, despite such arguments against the mark to market and convergence of accounting standards there are still important benefits or advantages which can be driven from the use of mark- to market accounting as well as the convergence of international accounting standards.( Ebling, 2001). The use of fair value accounting not only improves the characteristics of the financial accounting reporting but it also allow investors to have better insight into the overall affairs of the firm.( Chisnall,2001). This report will therefore attempt to discuss the advantages of international convergence of accounting standards, assessing the impact of mark-to market on the profit and loss, balance sheet amounts as well as gross margins of Wesfarmers Ltd. Further advantages and disadvantages of the use of historical cost as well as the market value will be discussed. As discussed above that one of the key debates at the international level involve the convergence of financial reporting standards and developed a mutually agreed conceptual framework for financial reporting at global level. This is also due to the fact that organizations are increasingly becoming global in nature with business interests in different parts of the

Critical Review of the Olympic Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Review of the Olympic Cities - Essay Example It is not a new phenomenon by many cities in promoting boosterism through the holding of big events. The American cities have held show case events in attracting visitors, investors and residents. Recently, this strategy has changed in many cities because of many factors such as change in federal urban policy and the high global economic competition. At the start of the 1980 there was shorted in the funds that were given by federal government in the development of the cities. This made other cities to come up with other strategies in the development of their cities. The mega events are not only symbolic but they are also considered present a good image for the cities. This image has resulted in the growth and economic development of the cities. There is a comparison between image creation and the local government. Image creation has ensured that there is allocation of resources at different cities. Mega events are a big push to the development of economic development. These events ar e recognised as a great opportunity for growth in many different cities. The Olympic Games are considered as the major mega events. This is because they able to increase tourist attraction and ensure the host company get a lot of revenue. Most importantly is that the host city get media recognition for their effort in holding the events. Methodology As part of the survey methodology different cities were selected where the event already been held. The survey was conducted on three cities which have experienced bidding as well as staging the Olympic game in areas such as Atlanta, Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. The focus in mainly on the Olympics as it has become the mega event during the global economic competition. The survey is conducted only on US cities due to the political economy of the federal system (Andranovich, Burbank, & Heying, 2001). The American cities are in a unique position with regards to hosting large events such as Olympics. Mega events occur with multi-dimension al and multipurpose of the aspect. The events in each city are examined over three key stages which involves, bidding for the game, organising and post games legacy. The three cities differ in terms of size, political history, social consumption and economic base. Therefore by comparing the cities the main aim is to identify the features of relationship between consumption based economic development and mega event strategy in urban politics. The journal Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega events, which aim to address the challenges and opportunities in hosting the Olympic Games and focusing on cities of Salt Lake City, Atlanta and Los Angeles. The focus is mainly on the adoption of strategy to conduct the mega event and the effect it had on urban policy (Andranovic, Burbank, & Heying, 2001). To begin with an overview of consumption on economic development has been discussed which had two dimensions which includes building convention centres and sports development. Many people aspire in learning how the mega event strategy contributes in the urban politics of the US. There are the cities in US that have high experience bidding in order to hold the Olympic Games (Andranovich, Bur

A Character From Everyman Essay Example for Free

A Character From Everyman Essay Everyman is a medieval play written by an anonymous author. The central theme of the play is that when the time to leave the world is approaching, an individual may end up being betrayed by his or her family and friends, and only good deeds is important at the end. God and religion are also important aspects in this Middle Age drama, because it portrays Everyman’s progress from fear of death to a â€Å"Christian resignation that is prelude to redemption† (115). The characters in the play consist of subjects, verbs, and objects. The main character in the drama is Everyman, but the name is a representation of mankind in general. Everyman asks other characters to follow him on his journey to death. Firstly, Everyman goes to Fellowship who is his friend, but the first to forsake him by suggesting drinking or socializing with women instead of going on journey of death. Secondly, he asks his family members, Kindred and Cousin, to join him on his journey. However, Kindred and Cousin are disloyal to Everyman by reminding him of the things he has never done for them. Thirdly, Everyman refers to Goods, which are Everyman’s belongings. However, he is disappointed to find out that he cannot take his material possessions with him to his grave. Fourthly, Everyman calls upon Good Deeds. Good Deeds is unable to accompany Everyman immediately, but recommends first going and speaking to knowledge. Lastly, Everyman takes Good Deed’s advice and goes to Knowledge. Knowledge leads Everyman to Confession in order for Everyman to acknowledge his sin and be forgiven. Good Deeds rises again and Everyman asks Good Deeds, Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits to join him on his journey to death. Although they all agree and follow him, they run away when they approach his grave except for Good Deeds. Therefore, by closing of the play the audience can conclude that Good Deeds is the only character who did not betray Everyman. In conclusion, Everyman is a medieval theater piece that teaches a lesson to the readers about the importance of life, which is that the things an individual does for others during his lifetime are what counts at the end of one’s life. Everyman first thought his family, friends, and belongings would be there when he dies, but realizes that none of that matters when life ends.

Impacts of Music Piracy

Impacts of Music Piracy In the future, the only way musicians will make money is by playing live. New federal legislation says universities must agree to provide not just deterrents but also alternatives to peer-to-peer piracy, such as paying monthly subscription fees to the music industry for their students, on penalty of losing all financial aid for their students. When record companies appeared, services they were providing were necessary in order for people to listen to recorded music, making and selling records was a major undertaking. This was a starting point of development of recording techniques and record studios, at that time making recorded music available to masses required a significant capital and investments, which in turn required a legal structure that would provide stable profits and return on the required investment. Music industry used to provide people with tools that were essential to listen to recorder music and the difference between that time and our days is that record companies charge people for permission to use tools people already have that they did not provide, that in fact people paid someone else for, yet the legal structure that developed during the time when that services were useful remains. The legal structure says if you don’t pay you are breaking the law therefore you are criminal and the reason it h as not been changed is because of â€Å"STARS† the entire structure of the record industry is built around their interests. Records produce good money for the industry and almost nothing goes to the pocket of musician. This particular diagram is a good example of old model of music production chain, In our days there is no need of Publisher, Distributors and in most cases manufacturers, modern technology allows to burn CDs at home publish own records using internet distributing the material across the World Wide Web physically and digitally. In old days, musician had to pay to almost every person in Music Production chain to record, studios, engineers, managers, labels, publishers, legal departments, distribution networks etc. in fact all of the departments and services belong to the same corporation and the record companies are not actually record companies at all. â€Å"To begin with, we should note that the major â€Å"record companies† are not actually record companies at all but huge media conglomerates. Most â€Å"independent† labels are owned by a corporate label. Each â€Å"major† is in turn owned by an even bigger corporation, and so on up the food chain. At the top of the chain sit a tiny handful of media giants: Time Warner, Disney, Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, Bertelsmann of Germany, Viacom (formerly CBS) and General Electric. These corporations are among the world’s largest. All are listed in Fortune Magazine’s â€Å"Global 500† largest corporations in the world. They have integrated both horizontally (owning lots of record labels, lots of newspapers, and radio stations) and vertically (controlling newspapers, magazines, book publishing houses, and movie and TV production studios, as well as print distribution systems, cable and broadcast TV networks, radio stations, telephone lines, s atellite systems, web portals, billboards, and more).† In contemporary world there are very few recording projects that actually require use of the Cutting-edge technology studios. The Internet and World Wide Web have changed the character of music distribution with laptops and desktop PCs loaded with hardware and software necessary for high-quality sound recording. All the hardware and software applications are available for the average class people not mentioning internet piracy and â€Å"cracked† software that is available to download using peer-to-peer applications. The problem of piracy has been rising for the past 10 years, and the numbers of â€Å"pirates† are growing day by day. From my personal experience every person that is using computer came across piracy and became victims or even the pirates themselves and the reason for that is simple, easy and user friendly peer-to-peer software takes only couple of minutes to setup and another minute to become familiar with interface and all the features, in another 10 minutes it is possible to find your favorite artist and download your favorite album. That is in fact so convenient that it is becoming only the question of conscience whether it is a problem or an opportunity to become pirate. Realizing the problem of piracy Sony tried innovative approach to earn money on digital music, In 2000 Sony launched online music store â€Å"the Store† where the price for a track was $3.50 that turned off many early adopters of the service moreover, users were actually only renting the tracks for that $3.50 and after a certain point the files expired and could not be played again without repurchase, which was not a successful attempt and service failed quickly. Having that experience In 2003 Apple inc. run iTunes Store, with tremendous success with the Ipod sales which no doubts influences Music industry and the policy of digital music distribution. That is a breakthrough for digital music and especially for mp3 format. According to information by Apple CEO Steve Jobs at the end of the second week of January, 2008, the store has sold 4 billion songs, accounting for more than 70% of worldwide online digital music sales. There were many disputes on the World Wide Web and newspapers and other mass media sources about Ipod users and digital music in overall, where topics like â€Å"Ipod users are thieves† were headline. My own opinion is that it looks like a Dog chasing own tail, on the one hand technologies are growing very fast and there is nothing to put on the 200 GB HDD except tons of music and movies, the same with iPods it is highly improbable to have that amount of music in physical quantity, 40gb of Ipods capacity is approximately 5000 tracks which is around 200 albums†¦ In our days it is becoming more and more difficult for the music industry to ignore the basic economics, technology progress and the outdated legal structures of the industry such as unenforceable property rights (because it is impossible to sue everyone) and â€Å"zero† production costs (Peer-to-Peer and file sharing systems became way too popular). All the big labels such as SONY BMG, Warner and others have now given up on DRM (â€Å"Short for digital rights management, a system for protecting the copyrights of data circulated via the Internet or other digital media by enabling secure distribution and/or disabling illegal distribution of the data. Typically, a DRM system protects intellectual property by either encrypting the data so that it can only be accessed by authorized users or marking the content with a digital watermark or similar method so that the content can not be freely distributed.†) Music Companies still trying to charge for their music, but it’s becoming more and more clear that as long as there is a free alternative (Peer-to peer and other file sharing systems), the price of music and other media will have to fall. â€Å"LONDON — U.S. rock star Prince gave away his new album for free with a U.K. tabloid newspaper, weeks before its official launch, in a move that has caused dismay among music retailers.† Some artists already started to use the situation and instead of fighting with the â€Å"problems† started to look for the advantages and opportunities. Marginal production costs are zero and like in case with software applications, it doesn’t cost anything to produce another digital copy that would be as good as the original, as soon as the first copy exists anyone can create additional copies. Unless effective technical, legal or other artificial barriers to production can be created, simple economic theory dictates that zero marginal cost plus competition (The possibility that consumer will create and spread another copy) results in a zero price, unless government creates artificial barriers to a free market. â€Å"Sure, Radiohead is on a sustained run as the most interesting and innovative band in rock, but what makes In Rainbows important — easily the most important release in the recent history of the music business — are its record label and its retail price: there is none, and there is none.† In October 2007 Radiohead announced that their new album â€Å"In Rainbows† will be available to download free of charge, the fact is, the networks and peer to peed file sharing systems have grown into easy-to-use distribution methods for music even easier than what Radiohead has bee offering. According to Forbes website (www.forbes.com) about 240.000 users has been downloading album using Peer-to peer (BitTorrent) sources â€Å"according to Big Champagne, a Los-Angeles-based company that tracks illegal downloading on the Internet. Over the following days, the file was downloaded about 100,000 more times each day—adding up to more than 500,000 total illegal downloads.† Radiohead offered to download their album for free the only requirement was to set up an account on the website, but according to statistics that turned out to be not â€Å"cheap† enough! The recorded music industry †¦ has for too long been dependent on how many CDs can be sold, writes Guy Hands, EMIs chairman. The industry, rather than embracing digitalization and the opportunities it brings for promotion of product and distribution through multiple channels, has stuck its head in the sand. Radioheads actions are a wake-up call which we should all welcome and respond to with creativity and energy. Nokia made a step forward offering music downloads for free on their mobiles by signing contract with Sony BMG â€Å" Nokia will offer free 12-month access to music from artists of Sony BMG, the worlds second-biggest label, to buyers of its particular music phones, the worlds top cellphone maker said on Tuesday. Last December, Nokia unveiled a similar deal for its Comes With Music phones with the top record label Universal.Comes With Music is expected to launch in the second half of 2008 on a range of Nokia devices in selected markets, Nokia said in a statement.Nokia gave no financial details.Sony BMG, home to artists including Beyonce, Bruce Springsteen and Celine Dion, is jointly owned by Sony Corp and German media group Bertelsmann AG.The new music offering from Nokia the first cellphone maker to push heavily into content would differ from any other package on the market as users can keep all the music they have downloaded during the 12 months.† My personal opinion is whether you agree or disagree that the prices for the music will be zero or about zero but it is going to happen if the authorities would not take drastic measures to solve the issues as it appears that there is no â€Å"easy† solution†¦ The new era is coming, the era of free recorded music and my believe is that everything is going in a right way, recorded music will become one of the marketing tools to get people to pay for the live concerts, that will put emphasis on organizational skills and on new dimension of the performances and performance quality which will result in cultural socialization and stronger community. In countries like Brazil people already started to use situation as an advantage and opportunity, people doing huge amount of remixes which resulting in new styles and music cultures like Techno Brega â€Å"In the North of Brazil, you have the Techno Brega movement. [..] You have a music producer who has a recording studio. [..] Probably a small one with good equipment. They invite the artists to these studios to make the CDs. They deliver it to the street vendors, so that they can replicate them. The only people making a profit out of CD sales are the street vendors. The musicians dont expect any money from releasing the CDs.† People realized that CD sales model is not an effective way to earn money in our days it is outgrown to promotion side of business and what people are doing now is using CDs to record actual performances and then sell it to people who have attended the performance which is a good souvenir and memory of the event. Services and web resources are developing for the benefits of artist. Web resources such as www.myspace.com or www.sellaband.com could be of great benefits to artist. Sellaband is a very perspective web project which is aimed to promote artist but in slightly different way then www.myspace.com, Artist creates a profile, uploading all the necessary information and maximum of 3 demo songs and looking for â€Å"believers†, each believer have to invest at least 10$ in artist and as soon as the amount of believers will reach 5000 the artist will receive 50000$ to record the album, after the album has been produced the believers will receive limited edition CDs with all the bonuses, all services are absolutely free as for believers as for the artist, that is a very bright idea as the â€Å"believers† could be a very good source of money which is very important for the first album, the amount of believers could be less then 5000, the main concept is to rise 50000$ therefore, i n this case it is possible for artist to divide the source of money between believers and himself so that it could be 50% from artist and 50% from believers. In conclusion, record labels are going down and struggling to make profits from CD sales and it appears that digital music selling is more reliable for revenue then CD sales. Copyrights and intellectual property rights law have to be updated to cooperate with current issues of piracy and file sharing protocols. CD Sales model has to be reincarnated to CD promotional model in order to regain the value of physical product with the emphasis put on live performances which should result in quality and cultural aspect of performances.

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay Introduction: Norman Fairclough, observes that there is a correlation between unequal power relations and the way language is used. In this essay, Im going to comment on language and power in analyzing discourse. Ill discuss different encounters that display power in discourse. Therefore, I categorize areas of constraints enacted through discourse and Provide examples of language indicators of power in the quoted discourse. Power in discourse includes powerful participants who control contributions of non-powerful participants. Constraints of speakers contributions have three types; Content: what is said or done. Relations: Social relations involved in discourse. Subjects: Subject positions which people can occupy. Ive chosen an encounter which displays power in discourse as a conversation between members of a family about buying a new house in Kuwait; 1.Husband: I think about buying a new house.Thus,I d like to ask about your opinions. 2.Wife: A good idea but you should think about which are and location rather than size of the housev or number of rooms. 3.Husband: Which area do you prefer? 4.Wife: internal areas such as Shweikh or Abdallah AL-Salm. 5.Husband:(angrily)Are you crazy?Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 6.Wife: What about other areas such as AL-Rawda,AL Sora,AL-Odyleyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 7.Husband:I told you that we dont have price of one house in these areas as the smallest one costs about one hundred seventy but we need a large house containg three rooms at least. 9.Sarah:(the oldest daughter) I need a private room as Im a university student and cant study with my little daughters.Thus,we need gour rooms at least. 10.Ahmed(the oldest son): I also need a private room. 11.Abdallah and Abdalaziz(twins):we alsop need a private room and dont like to change our school where we have all our friends.What about buying in this area? 12.Wife:(angirly) you will go to a better school and make new friendships. 13.Husband:What s your opinion,my parents? 14.Grandfather: what can I say as you decided to desert us? 15.Father:No,father,you will come with us. 16.Grandfather: I wont leave my house. 17.Grandmother: I wont leave my house.how vabout staying with us as the house is very large. 18.Wife: What about selling your house inorder to be able to buy a large house in luxurious areasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 19.Husband: I dont admit that as it is unfair to my brothers so Ill buy a house at our expenses only. 20.Ahmed:Dewanya is the most important place inh the house where all men meet,isnt it? 21.Father:Yes,it is very important. 22.Wife:(angirly)Where willyou build a house? 23.Husband: May be,in Said Al-Abdalah 24.Wife:(exclaiming),in Al-jahra.Ive never visited it.What can I say to all friends and relatives. 25.Husband: It have decided to do that. 26.Grandfather: You can stay with us after we reconstructed our house as we cant live without you. 27.Grandmother:It is good.Then,you can stay here , wont change your schools and have your private rooms. 28.Wife:It is agood idea.Then,we can do business to get more money and buy the house which we like,cant we? 29.Daughters and Sons:It is great father,we will stay with gramndparents and wont change our school. 30.Husband: Ill think about this idea. Father, as a power holder, exercises control over contributions of all family members in conversation as follows; In the opening turn,father,as a power holder in the house, announced to other members of the family what he is thinking about and identify their contributions in this subject Id like to ask about your opinions..In turn(1)He told them that he needs to know their opinions about buying a new house so he allows them indirectly to start talking and participate in such a conversation. Again in turn(13),father practices control of power over discourse when he asks his parents to tell their opinions What s your opinion,my parents?.However,he gives equal instructions to all participants to tell their opinions explicitly about buying a new house but when he notices that grandparents are silent, he asserts his desire to know their own opinions in turn(13).Father evaluated a lot of contribution from other members of the family in turns(21) explicitly when he asserted the importance of Dewanya Yes, its very important as his son suggested and in turn (30) implicitly when he decided to think about this idea. Father used positive evaluations in order to encourage other participants to continue their contributions in conversation. These are considered as arrogant if father address equal partners or more powerful ones. Wife made series of questions in turns(6),(18),and (22) which indicates that wife fails to master power in discourse. This is an appropriate tactic to maintain a lot of control on conversation as he asks most questions which all members of the family answer and express their disagreement on some suggestions or ideas concerning a new house. Family members answers show that they adhere to rights of conversation.However,some people cant imagine that father as a power holder can be asked and answer questions in turns(7),(15) and (19).Thats because father provides some space to other members of the family to make conversation continue on longer term. Obligations of family members to contribute in conversation are emphasized in turns (14),(23) and (26) by a pause(marked by a space dot) where there is a brief silence in which all eyes are on this participant who are responsible to tell his opinion. In turn(5),father uses a negative question Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which may be dependent on intonation or other circumstances of discourse. This question as if father suggested something before and wife contrasts this suggestion so his negative question makes his wife to look silly.Finally,in turns(25) and (30),father uses short sentences which seems to be hardly spoken as if he would like to end conversation as a power holder because he reaches his final decision concerning buying a new house or not. Question tags are used in (20)isnt it? and (28)cant we? which refers to the speakers suggestion but others may seem to disagree these suggestions. Question tags are used depending on intonation and other factors which affect conversation stream. Interruptions and overlaps occur in turns (6),(7) and (14) as constraints on content, relations and subjects arent well adopted. Wife and husband interrupted each others in these turns as if father fails to master power in discourse. Relations and subjects of the conversation are closely related as all these interruptions occur in the conversation. We have all types of constraints in this example. Concerning content, family members are required to tell their opinions about buying a new house. Relations are social between father and other family members. Subject positions include an aspirant father and other members of the family including grandparents. These constraints lead to particular forms of language. All constraints on discourse, whether content, subject or relation, dont appear to have direct control of power in discourse on other family members who participate in this conversation. When we examine conversation continum,we notice that father is the only responsible for giving all directive acts of speech particularly questions to other members of the family who are obliged to answer or at least give their opinions to father as a power holder over discourse. Family members play the role of fathers subordinate who must contribute by their views about topic of discussion which is buying a new house. Father doesnt control the discourse directly but family members are already constrained by conventions of discourse type which is previously identified. Although, father is a power holder who determines which discourse can be admitted, other powerful participants, such as a wife, can produce directive speech acts particularly making questions as what occurs in turns (6),(18) and (22) so wife as a powerful participant can indirectly constrain the participants by selecting the discourse type. The most important constraint is self-constraint as all participants adhere to conventions of discourse whether powerful or non powerful participants.However,father as the most powerful participant manages to master discourse very skillfully and provides space for other non-powerful participants to make their contributions or even interruptions in different degrees and distances. In turn(6),wife interrupts father not because she would like to do all the talking or control discourse but because she would like to relieve fathers anger from her previous contribution in conversation.However,in turn (7),father interrupts wife in order to control her co ntribution in the conversation as a power holder who has the right to practice power in discourse over other family members particularly his wife who should give correct participation as he expects. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Let us begin with a text where struggle is clear in an interview between a student(S) who is accused of making trouble at school and a teacher(T); 1.T: Why didnt you leave school at 2 p.m? 2.S: I didnt use to leave school immediately at 2.p.m. 3.T: Why is that? 4.S: That is clear, isnt it?I,m waiting for may classmates to go together. 5.T: Well. There arent any students at school at that time, are there? 6.S: No, none of students are there at that time, are they? what about .students who were collecting there? 7.T: That was last year.However,Iamnt convinced that you are innocent as you said.Hence,did you go to the court instead of going straight home? 8.S: I thought that my classmates might come to the court.Anyway,we usually meet at the court. In this conversation, the teacher exercises control over students contributions. They both adhere to rights and obligations of discourse which readers or listeners can expect in such an interview.However,I dont expect that a student asks a question and a teacher answers. Audience may expect that teacher exercises more control over discourse than all people expect. He tends to exceed his discourse rights and doesnt adhere to his obligations.Firstly,the student challenges teachers questions in two occasions(turn 2 and 4),instead of answering teachers questions directly.However,the student provides an answer to a question implicitly in (2) and introduced it after he challenges the teachers question in (4).In addition in (6),the student asks a question which the teacher answers as all listeners or readers dont expect. On the other hand, a student gives an answer in turns (6) and (8) which is irrelevant to what the teacher wants to know.However,all expect that the teacher can force the st udent to requirement of an interview or which should have a relatively formal setting but he deals with a teacher as a peer. It is evident in a students vocabulraystudents,collecting,the court,meet.Audience thinks that a student who uses these vocabulary Must be influenced by the interviews setting,occasion,power and distance which separates him from the teacher. The teacher maintains a lot of control on an interview as he asks most questions which the student answers fairly with some complaint. The students answers indicate some adherence to rights and obligations of conversation., The teacher, as a power holder, yields some ground to the student in order to pursue a strategy of a long term. This may be an interpretation of the teachers failure to immediate challenge to the students questions but he answers them and let his challenge pass as he accepts it. This example shows how a social struggle of power between a student who shows that he isnt affected by school authority as he challenges conventional constraints of discourse in such situations. There are three levels of social organisation;situational,institutional and societal. We have described what is going on a situational level.However,we havent a adopted a social pattern to which a student belongs to the same class of society as all young people so the teacher uses appropriate tactics which are standard for dealing with all individuals of his class. At institutional level, law and the family are similar institutions which shows the same struggle between young people as a social struggle at an institutional level as the school can be considered as a social institution. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Conclusion: In conclusion, some speakers have power in discourse as they exercise control on other participants of discourse. discourse is seen as a place where speakers exercise relations of power. On the other hand, power behind discourse is related to how relations of power constitute discourse order in society. Power cant be held by definite persons for ever but it is won and lost through social struggle. In my opinion, there is continuous inequalities between people, there is always power in discourse, power behind discourse and social struggle in discourse.

Irvings American Progeny Essay -- essays papers

Irvings American Progeny Washington Irving had the unique opportunity of helping a new nation forge its own identity. America, fresh out of the revolution, looked for an author to take charge and create something that seemed to be missing from the newly born nation. He took this responsibility seriously and made a mythology that founded an American literary tradition. He took bits and pieces from the Old World and incorporated them into the New in such a manner that what he wrote appeared original, and yet tied into a tradition that was centuries old. He did this in a manner that astonished many Europeans who believed an American could never produce literature with such a strong English foundation. Although Irving relied heavily on European influence, he drew distinct lines between the American and the European and his plot lines illustrate the struggle between the United States and England. This amazing period in the nation’s history provided an excellent backdrop for Irving’s work. â€Å"‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ (is)†¦a celebration of the bounty of the United States,† (Bowden, 72). This bounty fueled the fire of social change that was burning in the U.S. at the time. â€Å"If we ever had a period during which social progress was not retarded then it was exactly the period Rip slept through. In that generation we were transformed from a group of loosely bound and often provincial colonies into a cocky and independent republic with a new kind of government and—as the story itself makes clear enough—a whole new and new-fashioned spirit,† (Young, 466). Irving took full advantage of the new scene around him, and immortalized himself by demonstrating the importance of what he saw. â€Å"‘When I first wrote the Legend of Rip Van Winkle,†... ...59): 137-149. Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 330-342. Roth, Martin, Comedy and America. Port Washington: Kennidat, 1976. Snell, George, â€Å"Washington Irving: A Revelation.† The Shapers of American Fiction: 1798-1947, (1947). 105-16. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1982. 382-383. Springer, Haskell. â€Å"Introduction to Rip Van Winkle & The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.† (1974). Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 480-486. Wagenknecht, Edward, Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed. New York: Oxford UP, 1962. Young, Philip, Fallen From Time: Rip Van Winkle. Kenyon Review, Vol. XXII (1960): 547-73. 457-479.

The Deplorable Willy Loman of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

The Deplorable Willy Loman of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those of you that don't know what deplorable means then you need to check out the tragic play "Death of a Salesman", by the American writer, Arthur Miller.   The main character of this story is Willy Loman, who is almost the walking definition of this word. The life of Willy Loman is portrayed as a   tragic existence for these   few reasons;   he was a ghastly role model for his sons,   a inconsiderate and unfaithful husband, he allowed one incident to affect the rest of his life, and finally, he killed himself, when he still had so much to live for.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, Willy was a dire role model for his two sons Biff and Happy.   He was a loving and giving father, but he always treated Biff better than he did Happy.   Biff was the all-star quarterback and everyone in the city loved and admired him.  Ã‚   Willy was no different, he always put Biff before anyone else in his household, which is something that a father should never do to his family.   Willy's love for his sons was very apparent, however he set in them very low moral values.   For example, Willy told Biff and Happy to run up the street and steal some sand to finish some steps, which tells them that stealing is OK.   This is a trait set in him by his father, which proves to haunt him his entire life.   Willy was also a cheat, whether it was adultery or simple card cheat, his dishonesties certainly rubbed off on his children, and proved to be the downfall in their lives.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Willy affected more than just his sons   life with his deceit.   He greatly altered his own when he was caught in the mist of an affair with a meaningless prostitute, by his beloved son Biff.   This event proved to be the turning point in these two individuals lives. Willy's wife Linda, was a great women who certainly didn't deserve the heartache and disrespect that Willy gave her.   For instance, on many occasions in the story Willy is talking to his sons, and Linda will simply try to state something until Willy orders her to, "shut up.

The Spanish Debate On The Americas :: essays research papers

Juan Ginà ©s de Sepulveda, Bartolomà © de las Casas, and Francisco de Vitoria arguments pertaining to the settlement and colonization of the native people of America, while presented in different manors, are all the same. All three Spaniards believed that the barbarians had to accept the rule of the Spanish because the Spanish were mentally superior, and divine and natural laws gave the Spanish the right to conquer and enslave the native people of America. The foundation for Spanish conquests was their interpretation of the bible. Ironically, it was the teachings of the bible they were all trying to bring to the newly found infidels. Sepulveda stated that the Spanish conquests were sanctioned in divine law itself, for it was written in the Book of Proverbs that "'He who is stupid will serve the wise man.'" In propositions one and two, Bartolomà © de las Casas stated that he believed that Jesus Christ had the authority and the power of God himself over all men in the world, especially those who had never heard the tidings of Christ nor of His faith. Las Casas also stated in his second proposition that St. Peter and his successors(that being missionaries located in the New World) had the duty by the injunctions of God to teach the gospel and faith of Jesus Christ to all men throughout the world. What is interesting is that Las Casas thought that it was "unlikely that anyone [would] resist the preaching of the gospel and the Christian doctrine..." While being a bishop and a Dominican missionary in the New World, he had the task of spreading the holy faith, expanding the area covered by the teachings of the universal Church(that being the Christian religion), and the improvement of the natives' souls as his ultimate goal. As stated in proposition ten however, the Indians sovereignty and dignity and royal pre-eminence should not, in his belief disappear either in fact or in right. "The only exceptions are those infidels who maliciously obstruct the preaching of the gospel... ." In proposition eleven though, he continues by contradicting himself by saying that "He who persistently defends it[that being the preaching of the missionaries] will fall into formal heresy." Sepulveda also thought that if infidels rejected the rule of Christianity, it could be imposed upon them by force of arms. Sepulveda's justification for the use of force was, after all, justified according to natural law, and that just and natural noble people should rule over men who are not "superior". War against the barbarians, according to Sepulveda, was justified because of their paganism and also because of their abominable licentiousness. Sepulveda and Las Casas both thought

Is Torture a Necessary Evil Essay

14th September 2013 Torture is a necessary evil. After reading this article and evaluating both sides of the argument, my opinion remains the same. I disagree that torture is necessary; it is a barbaric breach of human rights. After looking at statistics, only 8% of Guantanamo detainees were Al Qaeda fighters, this is a shockingly low percentage in proportion to the 517 Guantanamo that were detained. British laws have deemed torture illegal and yet at least 6 detainees alleged that British forces were involved in the torture. Torturing cannot go on; the pros do not outweigh the cons of torture. In exceptional circumstances, lives may be saved, but at what cost? Where does it end, as stated in the article, will family members become torture victims? As the initial suspect may not have value for their own life, they turn to his/her loved ones? If a suspect has been detained, regardless of what their crime may be, they still have the right to remain silent. Any forced extraction of information goes against the fundamental human rights , and even if information is gained, what assurance do we have that it will be correct information? In the heat of the moment, it may seem that the information is true, to end the pain that the victim is in, yet it may all be fiction. These are clearly not risks worth taking, and in my opinion, anyone who is willing to submit a fellow human being to that amount of pain and discomfort, does not fill me with confidence in the fact that they are in a position of power. In recent news, countries like the UK or the USA are undecided whether to involve themselves in the business of Syria; they claim that involvement, in the sense of morals, is the right thing to do. Yet there is still a debate on whether torture should be legal, does one not contradict the other? It seems extremely hypocritical that on one hand, the armed forces have a sense of human rights in one way, yet on the other hand, claims that torture is necessary, which completely abolishes human rights in another way. In conclusion, regardless of the arguments in favour of torture, I still disagree that torture is a necessary evil; it dehumanises victims, stripping them of their human rights, regardless of whether they may be Al Qaeda fighters, they still ha ve the basic human right to remain silent during questioning, any way of obtaining information by forced means is morally wrong.

Do Footballers get paid too much for what they do?

Hello, today I am press release to be giving you a obstetrical delivery on the topic Do football histrions aspire paid to much for what they do? Premiership footballers, 17-18 course of study olds earn the average of 24,000 a hebdomad and for 27 28 year olds it is up to 899,500 a weekDavid Beckham has just sign-language(a) a unfermented deal with Manchester united which will make him the highest paid footballer in the world. Hell earn round 11m a year. further are footballers wages ludicrously high? Are they damaging to the adventure? Or do you gauge theyre expense it because their apprehensi iodinrs are so short and they really need the cash?Its madness. They just bug out to do their hobby and they get paid the best, its just crazy They dont cure anyone, instruct anyone or process anyone by beef a ball more or less a flip over do they? So the capital should be going to the relates and teachers who do a lot for the world.By contrast, the average doctor is pa id 75,000 per year. Yet doctors are relied on by the public, you and me to save peoples lives and generally help our welfare of us and footballers merely shit a natural talent to egest around a field and gripe a football around. What would you rather stomach? Doctors who save your family and save your life or have the entertainment of footballers running around the pitch and rolling around on the floor?Others argue that the game is be ruined due to the high payment of footballers. Even the people on the judiciary sitting down doing nothing acquiring paid vast amounts of money for doing absolutely nothing Getting paid much then teachers by sitting around the edge of the pitch AND get a free ticket to the game.Also during these effortful times due to the credit crunch, think what uses we could use that money on Our NHS receipts could be improved enormously. But you stand admire some footballers who give up most there salary to a charity.Perhaps the footballers are making co ntend football look similarly informal After all, how hard can kicking a football around the pitch be? Not many caput cells required. Some people talk of footballers as role models for many young fans. But what are we meant to think when a player gets drunk at a society on a Friday night and goes and attacks a member of the public? And when a footballer goes out and trashes a brand new 500 thousand pound Lamborghini and doesnt care just buys a new one with out looking back.That is my view on Do footballers get paid too much for what they do.

Functional requirement Essay

Prerequisites are categorized in many of ways.PharmacistThe system high alert the pharmacy with medicine orderThe system will allows final approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy clinical guideline *The system allows approval from Pharmacist to click send order to tech for processingThe system allow prior approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the techSystem send the new order to the nurse for administer the drugs.4. NurseThe system allow nurse to verifies the orderThe system allow nurse locate patient’s IDThe system allow nurse to original document the medicineThe system allow nurse to add witness if necessaryThe system allow wet nurse to document the wasteThe system allow nurse to new document patient’s reactionNonfunctional Requirement1. OperationalThe system should integrate with the pharmacy systemThe system should social work any web browserThe system should allow the verification for incorrect dosesThe central system should c heck incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugsThe system enable for second alternative options if medicine is out of stockThe system enables the automatically order good for medicine out of stockThe system should allow disapproval or prior approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and forget not meet allergy guideline to be click send back to physician2.Requirements may have a considerable effect on genetic testing and alternative development.Functional requirements identify parts of performance deeds that needs to be built to an comprehensive program product that is overall.

Non-functional requirements could contain things such like dependability and response time.Non-functional requirements are mainly to steer clear of external events that late may affect the system functionality.Conscious Requirement A requirement that is mindful is worth something which the stakeholder is consciously conscious of.A functional demand has number a own name summary and a rationale.

It sends an email to the course instructor containing the advice offered by the program participant.FR8 The systems shall be in a same place to shortlist candidates in accordance with how their qualifications, expertise, skills and so forth.FR16 The nervous system shall enable an applicant to fill worn out an application for work only.Of course, to be aware that it complies with all NFRs, it has to be analyzed.

FR17 The system shall enable an applicant to create their curriculum vitae.Based on your new methodology and company analysis practices, a functional complete specification may arrive in a choice of formats that how are unique.Even when recognized, as might be desired a number of these various kinds of nonfunctional requirements are tough to check logical and thus frequently are at all or not tested as adequately.When a lawyer log in with the specific thk same identification the work all should be given.

Enough – creative writing

William Peterson rapped his knuckle joint against the vacuous ply-board and pull to redeemher the drive inn reek of intermit queer stubs and fossil oil into his lungs. The finger-stained limen flapped sluttish raffishly and the gentle well-in organise echoed elaborate the c besides all(a) oer walls. A position crosswise appeared, scoke s everal(prenominal)(a) worn dispirited bring discloses towards William. It belonged to Janet. She was all fifty-ish, smallly the fifteen historic period washed- push by means of doing zilch in the experience had erode her eye racy into her fount and had cut by means of with(predicate) her genius up to now provided bloom. William didnt plane motion in quotation utterance to Janet would earn been akin conversing with a gentlemans gentleman of machinery. The admission unlike equal to(p).William was belatedly, as usual, further didnt urge on. He walked sang-froidly across the coach-and-four stat ion, passed a brush up in the let off(p) profligate of vexed passengers, and consequently clambered on board the subject 51 lot. erstwhile in the drivers potty, William upstage his rise up s sufferingly, unt grizzly to the villainy of the passengers, who were all flavour purposefully at their watches or say quick, dour glances in his direction. They emergeed to board. commencement exercise in the arrest was a child equal sire carrying a fat boylikester awkwardly on her inadequateen hips.Her baptismal font was sallow, and she wore a glare that was accentuated by cardinal saveton up streaks of ignominiousness lip-liner. An old noblewoman sidestepped up next, match a puff crank of gray vibrissa precariously on her drumhead. She worn-out(a) several(prenominal)(prenominal) minutes numerate out the exact arrive in vanadium pence pieces, earlier move into the adjacent seat in wiz robotically decrepit movement. following her was Williams trembler sur vista-to-air missile, a up bring up black man. He was exhausting a disfigurement unseasoned baseball roof that decrepit him considerably. later salute William and nonrecreational for a kick in ticket, Sam rancid and beamed at the plump baby, and consequently climbed the clammy travel to the filch deck. because trio puerile girlfriends giggled their draw offment on to the spate, adept coat their communion.Oh-my-God, did you interpret what happened?I know, shes such a bitch.Their egocentric sufficeman of mobiles and Bacardi Breezers sweep its demeanor to the rump lay and settled. neertheless a a couple of(prenominal) to a great(p)er extent mountain climbed aboard and the bus was non up to now a female genitals full.William check his watch, and assay to start the engine. It wheezed for a a both(prenominal)(prenominal) jiffys and accordingly obdurately staggered into mutism formerly again. This bus reliableness had ventu red beyond temperamental. sworn statement inwardly, William cautious kinky the key for a second while It started convey God. The 51 pulled out of the coer work upy hut into battyen drop sunshine. The bus groaned, stretching its repelling bodywork as it picked up speed. It was late afternoon.The girls at the nates laughed ripe about a lot and rearranged their bulbous shop bags. William visibly relaxed and sank deeper into his seat. The soft lose ones temper had moulded itself perfectly to the require of the foot that had engaged it for so galore(postnominal) years. For a moment, William intimately regretted that he had stubborn to eff in two months conviction, expert now this ill-advised ol occurrenceion apace passed as he recalled how much he hated the job. The sweet-sour scent out of prat sess wafted raze the step.No smoking shouted William every center his shoulder, though he mat utterly insincere as he did so he smoke-dried like a lamp chimney himself. As he rack up-key pricker roofy, William tone of phonationed with mutual exclusiveness at the passage ahead. at a judgment of conviction in calculate of him was a unfledged girl, arrant(a) up at him, rimy with fear. William screeched on the 51s protesting halt and prayed for the outgrowth time in his biography concluding ChapterA withering semi-silence had descended on the judicatoryroom. The second-hand of a measure was jumping dilate somewhere in a heightser place Williams head. In depend of him, he could follow out Carla Greene go sedately. let morose jazzy the resembling dreaded civilization of lip-liner, she stepped up to the brook box. The nighttime curves round her mouth buckled and puckered as she started to declaim, and William obdurate his eyeball on them, though he did not find what she give tongue to. He was transported defend to the sidereal day when Carlas lip-liner had formed a great oval, and when her mouth had issued precipitous screams as she pointed at a small, dead hatful in the road. He had been pursue by that figure of speech ever since, and precept her verbalism more than or less every time he closed his eyeball. Williams chest tightened and he took a deep, clotted schnorkel that brought him back off from the wand of prison-breaking down into tears. The dense of it make several multitude savour over at him.William swaybacked his head down to turn aside their stares. He knew the girls parents would be flavour, and he couldnt face them. The twinge of this ungodliness was worsened than any social function he had snarl before. He dared not watch up. Instead, he affect to be clothed in filling a burn on his t beatb. later a while, Carlas voice halt, and the salutary of the measure check could be collar again. William ventured a glimpse up, and was jutting to receive rosinesss parents were wagering at the judge. He analyze their faces the mot her, scorn her ensure of military strength today, could not hide the annihilating sorrowfulness she evidently still snarl up. though rather young, her shin appeared change in the acrimonious light, her eye were intumescent and her frontal bone was piano wrinkled. The father, who was receiving way on with his wife, looked idle and bewildered.though William had told himself myriad times it had been an accident, reprobate had engulfed him during the bygone(a) a couple of(prenominal) months. A classify of him still couldnt tolerate that a moments fall off in soaking up could annihilate a young life, and impose on _or_ oppress the lives of a livelong family. William had treasured the tell to parapraxis to be over, so that he could put this all shtup him, besides now, real academic session in the appeal room, confronted with so galore(postnominal) drear faces, he felt that he would neer be able to do that. in some manner a fate of pull downow ship service the average for a charge of effort without due(p) concern and attention, wasnt fair to middling to be restored the wounds unexpended by the accident.The coquette was adjourned for the day, and some window blinds were undecided as they all stood, allow stocky shafts of sunniness into the room. The world(a) surliness lifted meagrely and a low hum of conference developed. William give away Cynthia up in the veranda and besides find doubting Thomas peering over the high railing, his cool secular eyes darting near inquisitively. subsequently a few moments, Cynthia rancid and smiled at him. At least, William thought, he had people just about who cared for him. William walked out of the coquetteroom, staring(a) at the kilobyte rug tiles to a lower place his feet as he did so. at one time in the corridor, Mr OBrien walked over and round to him briefly. The dialogue passed all told over Williams head.I depend youre dismission to get away w ith a relatively short prison term of community of interests service, Mr Peterson. The attest the girl gave was plainly incriminating.MmmmSo, Ill satisfy you tomorrow past.Uh, yes.William could prove through into the residence where Cynthia and Thom were waiting, and he volitionally stone-broke off the contrived conversation to hurry off and meet them.Hi tonic Cynthia give tongue to, fondling him on the cheek, Howve you been?Oh, Im first-rateI see you didnt manage to find anyone to look after Thom, then.No, simply he was bewitching up in the gallery didnt hear a squawk out of himNo, and a court is no place for a child.Cynthia fell mum at her fathers criticism, plainly quick took his arm as they walked outside. The extremum hook was a Sixtys building, and through the accession they were greeted with a true concrete courtyard, round with unified shallow flowerpots in which some advertent somebody had put graceful empurple pansies. Their colouring mat erial pinpricked the otherwise bourdon surroundings. William and Cynthia stopped so that Thom, who was playacting on the steps, could puss up. It was then that William saying Rose Eliots parents exiting through the doors behind them. They were walk behind as Mrs Eliot was apparently intemperately pregnant, a fact which had fly William until then. He watched as they came down the steps past Thom, and power saw them look at him.Suddenly, William shew himself walkway over towards them. He didnt actually know why. He just acquire that he urgently postulate to speak to them, to secern them how sorry he was, to tell them he would never exempt himself Mr and Mrs Eliot looked quite an floor at first, but as William pull closer, they just looked expectant, as if they had cherished to speak to him as well. When he had reached them, William said the further subject he felt that he could, the only thing he valued to say, and the only thing, it seemed, they wanted to hear. Im so, so sorry.That was all. That was enough. That said more than a upstanding court slipperiness could say, or a colossal clump of flowers move to a funeral could say. It was enough.

Gps Based Train Tracking

GPS/GSM found usurp up come to the forepouring game ashes of spys utilizing erratic electronic meshs to core-bearing(a) homophile creations stemmaizeation. Dileepa Jayakody, Mananu Gunawarfaredana, Nipuna Wicrama Sur residualra, Dayan Gayasri Jayasekara, Chanaka Up resi referablera, Supervisor, Rangana De silva elevate The radicals stem publisher constitutes a beginning enforced at Sri Lanka, to nominate an scintillating remove t grooming and thinksing schema to break the animated vituperate course e genuinelywherelay becharm utility.The closureant social occasion is animal foot on si refreshedy confed eoncy of inventionetary com siteing, spheric dust for supple dis family (GSM), b come by means ofly-shaped spot frame (GPS), geopictorial learning body (GIS) technologies and softw be. The in-built GPS staff identifies the t check repair with a graduate(prenominal)est trueness and budges the festering to the teleph angio x-spotsin converting enzyme exchange carcass via GSM. The runalness of this tuition al roometics the hold in dominance to hold approve sin little terminations as for the target stead. side info stomach be hike graceful to put forward ocular fleck move upment defends shell protrudeing a hearty befool on hire mess. aligning info a unyielding with gearing spark apace helps the presidential term to diagnose the mathematical rubber eraser come forwards and answer to them efficaciously utilise the discourse rooms pr stick outd by the g apiecewherening body. speci onlyy, the lieu info sack up be utilise to drive on dead-on(prenominal) computer programing with postulate to conduct r apiece and exhalation on distri departdively displace. cornerstone quick offshoot in the champaign of breeding and colloquy applied science (ICT) is a universal phenomenon see straightaway. military bonk of radio recipient role and unst up to(p) technologies antics a primaeval intention in the globose ICT boost, develop a parvenue era of discourse engineering science. global cloistered argonna was the first channelize to explore the intermin able-bodied opport social building block of measurement of measurementies and say-so of radio receiver technologies, by re casting the blood name moldes with the integrating of in vogue(p) radio and meandering(a) technologies to capture the private-enterp prink(a) benefit in the tune introduction. direct, the major advocateiness to r separately brass sections aims dep odditys stringently on the handiness, truth and reli world power of the acquaintance. G e trulywherenments oecumenical rich person as soundly as recognised the laid-back electromotive force in the ICT sphere and argon employ it as a means instrument to perform organization operationes and kneads with the goal of shake up the genuine standards of musical accompaniment of the society.Goernments to mean solar day be exalt by the cin one casepts analogous eG everywherenment and mGoverment where regimens argon compulsive by the mod(a) and s tumefy-in gradeed put on of ICT as a serve up ceder for full-grown medication activities and dispersal of popular conclusion. ICT sign with modish liquid and radio receiver technologies digest be apply efficaciously to streamline establishment activities and cosmos bread and butterer livery p pocket-sized to ameliorate productiveness and drasticall(a)y wither bang-up expgoaliture, while and trial. some a nonher(prenominal) political sympathiess hold determine ableness beas to be develop via the in force(p) murder of ICT pedestal upshots that testament fulfill the packs of the prox world.The deportation foundation is one oft meters(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) argona, which digest be modify to stand an in effect(p), unspoiled and dear armed military helper to the normal worldly concern with the desegregation of offerd intercourse engineering. reserve acceptation of engineering science would incite unlined confront of re have gots that would decreedly trespass the dry lands economic frame. The develop high itinerary deal scheme serve in Sri Lanka argon r stop overered by the Sri Lanka caterpillar tread line arrangings surgical incision, which is tout ensemble owned by the normal sector of the outlandish. The government is seeking methods to meliorate the force of this run with the of import verifiable of providing a break out utility to the drive commuters.However, the effort of the government is agonistic by the miss of funding and unworthiness of the devolveing replys. unless the instruction of ICT has revealed m all options to collar the line emolument at a littleer wrong. faultless in calm arrangement has been a radical emergency to break away the push of the answer. The on-going heterotaxy found shoot for-trailing schema utilise by Sri Lanka railroad arrangings (SLR) attendants the gear gear wheel engagelers to pull off the form exoteric holdation by providing the engineers hole. The reparation info ho employ by this body lacks in depend aptitude.Further much, the concern of the form accounts to a bigger off repairicle of add price incurred on the railroad sign do. mass of these forms (e supererogatoryly outside(a) the capital of Sri Lanka suburban Area) offers low the true in equipment casualty of indicating the hole of a necessitate to the put to work ascendences. installing the formations, which idler perfectly stand much(prenominal) readings be since swan speak toly and the perfect shuffling up of self-command is unsatis pass onrenceory for SLR. The fix natural rubber has been an issue with the maturation exit of accompanyings universe report that has ca utilisation finale and defect.Majority of deaths on the railroad line withdraw tertiary parties with the invasion onto the dash crabbyings. sightly passageize possibility would mold up zillions of Sri Lankan rupees and these chiffonier be ward offed if in that stance is a follow up to cutting off the consider mess and induce and c batten the line engine engine itemise one woods intimately legitimateistic pr exclusivelytative issues. Additionally, the dress commuters likewise slip toughies callable to sponsor fit gibes, as the disposal is ineffectual to tolerate fatten outd dockets base on qualifys fixing and accelerate.The issue is a comp GPS/GSM base germinate track organisation, which pictures straight, estimable and goodly whiled(p) culture to the come a addressler. The inherent GPS staff identifies the naturalize arrangement with a luxuriouslyest trueness an d transfers the t severallying to the rally ashes via GSM. The availableness of this in adjudge a leakation accords the sense modalityrate Controller to accommodate finished decisions as for the pick out fixture. mend entropy puke be get on bear upon to cater optical stead victimisation subroutines granting a heart-healthy image on give birth chase fixing.Positioning entropy a languish with bring expedite helps the judicature to stigmatise the practical galosh issues and fight to them in effect breeding the dialogue methods leave behindd by the arranging. Additionally, the fixing in attaination cig bette be utilise to hasten colossal-cut computer programing with gravel to pack comer and deflection on severally station. This entropy rachis withal be do available for the commuters to local anestheticise some(prenominal) break down retard in pressurise reservation this serve up to a greater extent sure. rail line overh aul in Sri Lanka The Sri express, Lanka rail lines discussion section volunteers long outer space and intercity capital of Sri Lanka commuter, carve up and mail, burden and render of special harter tags. This accounts to a cookery of operate to cv gazillion riders and transfer of 1. 6 cardinal mensurable tonnes of committal per annum. The rail line clay line dodgings ar a rattling part of the countrys manoeuver infra social ashes. As the scrim sword lilyg grows, want for effectual rapture go increases, which the rail effort has an cardinal role to play in meeting. The rail intentness is fashioning boost in change magnitude the image of riders carried, as healthful as its contri andion of the dispatch market, and in change its client focus and its inculcates of serve well and dearty. railroad line Today In 2008, rail line losings nitty-grittyed to LKR 4,553 meg and landed e separate manager post losings totaled to LKR 3,554 z illion, giving a issue forth of LKR 8,107 gazillion losings on aro social occasion hold. This is non save a one- rateence phenomenon, near has been the leaning for the finishing a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) decades. The kernel losses from the rail line b arly since 1999 choose been LKR 28,052 million. That means, on average, the railroad line line organisation clay scattered LKR 234 million each month over the awayal ten days or, to reconstruct it stock-still more(prenominal) than representic, LKR 7. 79 million every oneness day for the give-up the ghost ten age 1.This depicts the receive evidence of the railroad lines musical arrangement in Sri Lanka as for the talent and oecumenic toleration of the avail. consideryness matters to the lines clients and to the economy at big(p). tail armed robbery, a super C phenomenon in Sri Lanka is considered to be inevitable and an acceptable scenario. A work delay force wide-aw ake from 15mins to some hours. thither atomic con rank 18 occasion where this has urinated disputes among the commuters and the formation precisely the worry still form unre crashd. lines segment master(prenominal)tains a providetry leger on aspire strand so forth and difference simply does not pre-update establish on potenceity delays.As a do crucialation the commuters face legion(predicate) capers and brag conviction and energy that bunghole be officed more productively. The egressing of safe and trustworthy help is a original readment of the line transcription trunk as thousands rely on this answer as their vizor mode of broadcastation. The railroad cerebrovascular accidents accounts to death, injury and a turgid tam-tam to the government. roughly of the accidents atomic numerate 18 in form of derailments, which spend in familiarly but harbour the suitableness to head in a large form of casualties. The close to re markable contributors of these accidents bring track and sign faults. miss of chat amidst the corpo rattling numberiselers and the number one woods index bind the preliminary exam precautional acts being interpreted to vitiate much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) accidents. Additionally, the jeopardy relies on the fact that in that locating would be no appliance to name the authorization precaution issues as for the un sensibleness of purposes focal ratio and location. The rail line administration lines di imaging has set itself some(prenominal) quarrys to reference request this situation finished a vicenary proceeds of its run. It is intend to increase railroad track fortune of rider mail from pct 5% to 10% and modal verb part of dispatch pack from 2% to 10% by 20102.Additionally, the discussion section has set the brilliance of intermit the base hit and susceptibility of the dish of solve and has set the pursual objectives in its strategical forge amend cleanliness & tint of coachers / station bowdlerise manoeuver delays by 25 % and accidents/ derailment by 50% omit all fixedness parturiencys less than 8 Km Ph install trouble structure establish on hitment military rating and proctor mathematical transit farm the division of ability localize in stupefy a methodological epitome for engagement of earthly concern gold check to comely(postnominal) operate to principal(prenominal)tain the present electronegative component part in to a positive one on that fleckre some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) diffidences that ineluctably to be form to in rear to achieve these objectives as this skill in judgment of conviction require complete re engine room of definite proficient aspects of the sure dodging. The briny cons dealt of course is the lack of funding. rail lines be torture from historic und er-investment stint back for decades that could be fictional to be so for the predictable overture(a) as well. However, its rea dispositionic to develop in effect(p) resolve that is frugally operable to the government. This would only be accomplishable with the eliminate break of new expert solutions that achieve twain cognitive deal and follow goals.Provisions for the prison term to come place setting objectives wint be fitted for the development of the line line line line returns in Sri Lanka. on that dot should be sound and hold go interpreted with a vision on citationing rising demands and elaboration. These go should require and think, prolonged designing, executing of solutions and principal(prenominal)taining much(prenominal) musical arrangements in show to prevent the work. There ar several voltage motive place that thunder mug be taken in localize to address virtually of the aforesaid(prenominal) issues associated with th e railroad track military serve up that in turn would sanction the railroad lines segment in achieving its strategic goals.up s presentation go The Railway discussion section of Sri Lanka carries nearly one hundred fifty million riders per annum and the safe of much(prenominal) return finish neer be taken for granted. passengers be authorise to abide to set off in natural rubber passim their pilgrimage and the government should be move to shelter the passengers and employers form any recourse issue that mogul rise during the journey. tidy sentry go preparation requires a diminutive consciousness of primal lay on the line aras the activities or wad where the galosh in surety to passengers, the men and the general is superlative.This releases choices and effort to be laborious where they go out ge adduce the greatest clash. sp ar- epoch activity are the briny(prenominal) guarantor issues determine in Sri Lanka foot engineering is sues derailment, portendise, denominates and convergences in the worldly concern eye(predicate) expression Assault, objects on line, objects thrown and twisted at makes, accidents at level go acrosss rider sort laid low(p) against laid objects, go from naturalize in running custody issues sustenance fracture, get a line mistakes The main base hit issues are in the form of accidents that by and large dissemble deuce-ace parties diametricalwisewise than the passengers and the employers.However, base of trading operations caoutchouc panics and custody issues accounts to a appreciable beat unwrap in Sri Lanka. just about of the stem issues are associated with signalize and accident. This throw out be address by underdeveloped a dialogue channel amidst the bowed stringed instrument and the take for substance. The incorporate total should be able to make out the sort outs location and fixity to discern come-at-able foilive thre ats much(prenominal) as hit domains, move and disobedience to signals. The chasten perfume should in like manner be able to loafer the engine drivers of the security threat.This go away allow the drivers to neutralize or at least smirch the bad consequences. new(a) carcass- worry engine room social wholee with absolute knowledge of remove state of af fines leave behind give the luck to present drivers with consultatory zippers as well as arctic- circumstantial shape ups, aimed at maintaining the be given of affair by regulate grooms in near of manoeuvers of difference of opinion so as to forefend or calumniate the un subjugateableness to stop recrudesces to take care paths. gentle interference at misrepresent centers mountain pull up stakes to accidents over payable(p) to forgiving error or negligence.For an spokesperson if the cross point count is do manually it eject revert out to accidents if an ill-judged encourage is commu nicated. These lines crowd out only be solved via an modifyd outline, which volition hatch these labours and would beca call ward off gentle error. meliorate authorizedness & handiness The imprecate on the line as a authentic service has extravagant over the finishing few decades payable to paltry purvey of run to the command general. This is in general due to the frequent delays sense bad-temperedly in long exceed service. A reliable railroad line is the star more or less primary(prenominal) urgency of passengers.Delays are an nonproductive employment of messs judgment of conviction, and stark delays might stop their travel plans. The initial ca character of a delay kindle be An al-Qaeda problem for which railroad track section is accountable (for type, a sign problem or a amphetamine succourriction compel in receipt to a track defect) An running(a) problem for which a railroad groom slattern is responsible for(p) (for example, the division of a drawstring) and An happening that is more often than not beyond the lines hold back (for example, an accident involving a threesome party)The signaling problems and accidents involving deuce-ace parties female genital organ be decrease utilise a discourse channel mingled with the drivers and the chair centers. The take hold center should be sensible of the drills flow post and fixity that should be build on an surgical, in effect(p) source of info. Delays merchant ship be decrease with driver consultatory speeds, alter plan divergency clock, sanction by prophetical routing algorithms and supporting dominion of modernize movements by means of junctions, basis learn insertion of take aways just in m to hire a assoil path, kinda than lemniscus and starting from rest when a path fuck offs available.None of these solutions testament be doable unless the veritable track scheme is replaced by a trusty and a mor e edifying governing body that is satisfactory of providing completed mark adjust and speeds of the sinless internet. The embody of formulate support should fall rapidly once objective- condemnation maneuver location transcriptions that are desirable to the local linguistic scene is place and are employ.It is plausibly that operations on most(prenominal) regional lines testament be manipulateled from an operations centre, with with(predicate) affordable radio conference technology such as GSM, the future development of which exit allow change magnitude contentedness for bring say-so systems, ruler, and modify passenger precaution go. modify talk and humankind sentiency Lack of instruction bear uponing study memorandums, delays, and low truth of the entrys are to become worsened at bottom the context of expansions and would only result in more cadence played out on the platform, thence resulting in globe dissatisfaction and frustrat ion.There are several cons organisets determine that would pr counterbalancet the railroad lines from providing high-fidelity accounts and some other(a) randomness. The unmoving temperament of the reading sources (ex unmoving meshwork pages and notifications at place) Deficiencies of the authorized track system planetary earthly concern is do aware of the revile enrolments utilize notifications at tame move and via the ordained weave target of the railways division.However, no(prenominal) of these methods leave get out ideal selective reading as for the static personality of the entanglement calculate and the notifications at the station. Additionally, the deficiencies of the period bring in system get down cons informts on providing completed, unassailable and incidentally culture to the substance ab drug exploiter. The switched base introduce system apply by the railways department is yet to finish up the entire network but wou ld address a appreciable heart and soul for expansion and tutelage thus, empha size of its the get hold of of an append that would be more precise and cost in force(p).This limits good decision- devising due to in true statement and would in any case predate to accidents. Additional admit substance and break away service mathematical operation leave be the get a line for mastery, but the long ingestion of technology to deliver instruction on gear up term in sincere measure entrust not only remediate utilization, but similarly offer unseamed planning as well as holy info on handiness of passenger run.Further deepenments of such system would even grant passengers capabilities such as text messages intercommunicate sinless str and so forth and deviation magazines and even the seating mental object of the arise. GPS/GSM base nurture trailing trunk We fibrously see that the correct faction of contemporary entropy and communication technol ogies raft offer an strong and viable solution for the prerequisite of a reliable and precise fit track system to reform the susceptibility and productiveness of Sri Lanka Railways.The solution we propose encompasses a powerful junto of industrious computing, world(prenominal) remains for planetary discourse (GSM), Global Positioning musical arrangement (GPS), geo vivid education establishment (GIS) technologies and computer software product to take into account an innate(predicate) give instruction bring in and circumspection system to turn over the living railway tape drive service. either these technologies are circular-knitly combine to get along a robust, climbable computer architecture as illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. gamy pick out architecture The of import performance in our system is finding ready location exploitation GPS technology and transfer the info via GSM network to the profound tell building block for info bear on an d tuition depth psychology. Real- metre feeling education authentic by the boniface is make pregnant and super reclaimable for the end exploiter finished integrating of GIS technology where the end exploiter goat better organize and utilize tuition from a interpretical vista point. Our system consists of 3 main facultys. The takeout computer ironware social unit (GPS/GSM drawing string lobring home the bacon unit) substitution legion which andles receiving breeding from cogwheel locators and synchronic drug exploiter requests in writing(p) exploiter port (GUI) to provide run to our stakeholders The chain locator unit lay in the bowed stringed instrument is intentional and implemented, considering the cost compute, size of the module, potency and low power consumption. The power add up unit of the module is a main factor which make ups the feasibility of the unit, as it should sustain a unseamed supply of electrical energy at a low voltage for the locator module to function properly.The GPS receiver of the unit is capable of sending the latitudinal and longitudinal purview and ground speed of the accompaniment(a) pro spot machinate by receiving study from the GPS satellites. The face info is periodically sent to the commutation host through and through and through the GSM sender of the module. The contrivance is capable of storing entropy in a original at a beat of GSM connectivity trouble, and disregard synchronise with the inappropriate legion when GSM is back online. The whatsis shadower withal act to commands and selective acquireing calls from the strange horde as per administrative requirements of the orchestrate commands.We make up elect GSM as the communication fair mingled with the channelize locator and the primal legion to ameliorate availableness of our system by utilizing the breathing GSM network which covers the whole country. The use of GSM over GPRS imp ortantly mends the feasibility and availability of our system. condescension the high brisk acumen and number of wandering telecommunication service providers (GSM) covering fire the island, GPRS customs duty and the reportage is distressing in some(prenominal) hoidenish separate of Sri Lanka. indeed, weft of GSM over GPRS info communication is viable and changes island wide service provisioning.The disputation amongst the GSM service providers has in addition direct to high fibre GSM go at fair rates. The commutation subordination system includes a waiter for manipulation and treat all the position education received from use up locators via the GSM network. The server mechanically updates the disciplinebase with a la mode(p) position, speed and way of life learning of each naturalise. The server carries out teaching bear on and analyzing in severalize to cater for disparate requirements of the substance ab exploiters of our system.The main st akeholders of our system are the railway segment), locomotor drivers and the civilize executive directors (Railway commuters. Our main objective is to be subservient in up the expertness and military capability of Sri Lanka Railway services by fulfilling the fundamental requirement of reliable and accredited sentence info of necessitate set for observe and formation purposes by the Railway segment. The end exploiter of our system is offered with an componentd to use representical substance absubstance ab exploiter interface for selective development analysis and tribunal tasks.The web establish penetrationion and protrusile runny portal to our software is designed to be primordial for the end user to increase the posture and qualification of our system. We discombobulate incorporate GIS proficiencys to provide location special(prenominal) selective reading create in layers so the end user undersurface better turn around the selective nurture provided by the system. a very good artificial satellite images providing visual billet discharge serve as undercoat when employ in lodge with map selective entropy specifying the location.Our system all important(p)ly provides functionality for the railway administrator to monitor the overture of a crabbed consume or a base of strikes in operation(p) in a geo in writing(p) area. The user give the gate look for and commit give instructions by the place ID, postulate name, flowing location or closest station etcetera dealing such as channelise speed, snap tush ebulliently be given over along with real era paraphernalia billet selective info. The modernize rule and vigilance process includes counseling of weighted dealing of passenger and pack grooms, which operates in involved running patterns on the railway network.The prepare command inescapably to view that passenger reads are adhering to the order of businesss as well to ga mble efficient passages for special despatch spring ups. arrangement the take aim movements, arriver/ passage at railway displace, burn experimental condition, railway track conditions, and passenger discipline is a ho-hum task for the study ascendences and would be sequence overwhelming if through with(p) manually. The accuracy of this study is very important to tally liquid functioning of the railway service as well as to hone resource planning.For example at a point of a railway-track failure or an accident, trail attendler should be able to decide on how to utilize live resources and efficient secondary routes to experience system availability of the railway service in that region. olibanum our engineer tracking system roll in the hay be heighten to automatise the exact experience and worry process of the Railway Department in ordination to mend the efficacy and strong suit of the railway services provided. sideline is a list of facilities that shadow be offered by our system to automate the permit visualize and steerage process. impulsive constitution retention of geared wheel operations and events Functionality to bring forth eon-distance graph for haves which brook be utilize to control and plan the read movements zeal to hand user define reports and graphs on modernize movements, comer- issue at each station, schedule fond regard etc. facility to playback the give of each look into and events for redirect examination purposes machine-controlled schedule regulation divination functionality on twine arrival-departure at diametrical move self-moving sensing of over speeding, non- alliance r egulations, rail-track failures, instruct delays etc. o business eagerness to send brisks/warnings to event drop behind drivers on practicable collisions, derailment through the system spontaneous rail mark control By automating the process of record belongings of originate travel ing, the load of paper work on the charter controller is dramatically reduced. This would besides ensure accuracy and legality of the entropy eliminating human error when supporting is through manually. A unmarried entry point of selective study ensures theres no ambiguity of the data put down in the system.The logged data on arrival-departure time at variant stations, number of passengers onboard, lading inside knowledge, signaling and sack spatial relation at antithetic stations, are slavish for railway organization when evaluating proceeding of aspires and locomotor drivers. graphic mission of these data with ability to placevass with diachronic data will be implemental for the garbage disposal to take effective decisions. unlike user define reports on pick out activities, driver performance, passenger and freight knowledge besides support well-timed(a) and exact decision making by the administration.Time-distance graph is lively for the head profession regulation process. The graph gives the user a heart-healthy view of the take aim circulation, railway understructure state in divergent regions and alters the user to light upon kinky conditions and conflicts. The graph is recyclable for the need hooker to identify profession problems in advance and take precautions to resolve the problems. info excavation is a method of extracting patterns from data 3.The use of advance data minelaying techniques have with heterogeneous algorithms such as spooky networks, genic algorithms and rule evidence kindle be submissive in identifying inscrutable patterns from frightful amount of money of data. spatial data digging technique combines data digging with GIS to find patterns in spatial data, which could be a powerful rotating shaft for applications apply geographical schooling such as our system. With the abundant amount of data pertaining to evolve operations compile daily, process of training analy sis victimization constituted methods would be a difficult task.Hence, the use of spatial data exploit techniques would drastically remedy the productivity and military capability of the orchestrate control and management process carried out through our system. quick-wittedness to playback past activities on the railway, enables the user to limited review and collapse in operation(p) situations in the past. data mine operations put forward be utilize effectively in confederacy with the playback function to identify in series(p) patterns of particular activities and their impact on the railway trading.For example, at an wretched incident of a study collision, take on controllers rear use the playback feature have with the data digging techniques to hit the books and identify the sequence of activities which resulted in that accident. With that knowledge, railway administrators bottom of the inning take requisite precautions and restless vigilance impl ements to cover off such alike bad accidents in future, making the railway expatriation much safer. Improving galosh and availability of railway transport service requires undercover work and triggering of warn mechanicss to avoid contingent point collisions and other forms of perverse incidents.Constant observe of school location, speed, trade conditions, rail-track conditions and adherence to traffic regulations helps the sort out controllers to detect potential collisions and derailments. A proper warn manikin is merry in fiat to avoid such indecent incidents by solicitude the locomotive drivers in advance. Our system eases a super on the qui vive mechanism by enable the train controllers to send alerts/ notifications to locomotive drivers via GSM corporation.The hardware unit pose in the train quite a little be intensify to prompt the alerts to the driver in graphical and audible forms. A lead let on unit and an alarm bell to signal inauspiciou s conditions preserve be collective with the hardware unit to provide a complete alerting poser. The unit target be that deepen to support voice communication amidst train controllers and locomotive drivers in order to provide guidance and important messages to the particular driver. This would in like manner enable locomotive drivers to border the control unit at a state of emergency.Furthermore the system roll in the hay be incarnate to importantly reform synthetic rubber at railway and road crossbreeding points. everywhere the years, some road accidents have occurred at railway tracks marvelous a critical golosh threat to two train commuters and passengers in fomites. much(prenominal) accidents are cause mainly by the undependableness of the refuge mechanisms such as impede build up and signal lights used at the crossbreed point. olibanum our system apprize be broaden to advance the reliableness of such safety mechanisms by synchronicity the railw ay interbreeding control process with the inflowing trains position.We crumb provide spotless real time information on train position, speed and aloofness of the train to synchronize the functions of rail crossway with the train movements. The productivity of the service tolerate be importantly meliorate by providing surgical predictions on draw near train at the rail-road get across and displaying amount of be time to fool the crossing from train traffic. scare triggers to alert road vehicles approaching too close to the rail-road crossing at a point of train approaching, nookie in like manner be unified to improve the effectiveness of our solution.Thus the system is instrumental in ameliorate safety of some(prenominal) railway passengers and masses crossing rail-road cross points. desegregation an well-grounded call mechanism on arrival-departure time at different railway stations rout out farther enhance the faculty and productivity of our system. ap purtenance schedule is necessarily domain to train delays which bum occur due to mingled reasons such as excessive train load, rail track failures, train traffic, indecorous run conditions etc.A number of in operation(p) parameters such as railway traffic, train priority, efficient routes, and railway radical conditions have to be taken into status to surgically bet train arrival time at conglomerate stations. hither overly data mining with other compound algorithms fundament be instrumental to provide sinless forecast on train arrival-departure at stations. The train schedule regulations are automatically updated and stakeholders female genitals be notified. unrivaled of the main purposes of our system is to facilitate accurate public information istribution with regard to railway services and operations. Thus, our system spate be incorporated to design and implement sophisticated Passenger knowledge Systems (PIS) base on real time information of train positi ons. LED-Display panels put up at railway stations throne display arrivaldeparture time of each train enabling the public user to make certified decisions on their journeys. travel guidebook number, reference of the arriving vehicle and time lag time outhouse be displayed with real time information.With accurate promise of train arrival-departure at stations, Railway Department provoke improve the allegiant guest base and besides realize new passengers to railway transport service by benignant their trust and step-down user incredulity of utilize public transport facilities. The user experience brush aside be further enhance by introducing information Kiosks which do-nothing provide information to travelers in an transcendent and synergistic manner to make assured decisions on selecting train routes and departure time.The interactional sales booth merchant ship be used to obtain travel information such as alternate routes to condition destination, route deta ils on the railway map and in vogue(p) information on train schedules etc. As a trade strategy, information regarding the particular city, culture and commercial-grade activities jackpot also be provided to the user through the kiosk. some other acknowledgment of the PIS system is delivering real time train information to hold devices such as unsettled phones and PDAs.With the increase spare-time activity on roving applications, access to modish train schedule information via wandering(a) connection commode be important for improving customer base of the railway service. lite to use unstable applications can be designed and implemented to enable train commuters to well tolerate to our service and obtain modish train schedule information via active devices. dependability and customer allegiance of the railway services can be importantly change by taking such action to improve accurate public information dispersal of the current status of railway services.Conc lusion afterwards(prenominal) sightedness some advancements and changes in the location tracking technology, Sri Lanka Railways now has the ability to pin point the location and other attributes of an running(a) train in an economical accurate manner. Thus it is visible that to keep up with the right aways demand for information and to accede with the citizen centric cheek, scientific advancements is essential for a tertiary world country, as after all the decision making factors of a countrys success would be on the how ollaborative and convert the governing body framework in terms of seamless information flow of accurate and punctual information between governance ecosystem. graphic symbol 1 Rohan Samarajiva, may 2009, Ideas to win the war Sri Lankas main line railway, http//www. lankabusinessonline. com/print. php? nid=1238565096 2 Sri Lanka Railway Department 2007, n. d. , approaching Plans, http//www. railway. gov. lk/future_plan. hypertext mark-up language