Global Environmental Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Environmental Change - Assignment Example hauls it to a centralized facility where workers or a machinery separate the wastes for recycling may found in understanding the characteristics and application of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the entropy law. What is Entropy? Requadt defines to Entropy as the amount of energy that cannot be converted into mechanical work. (Requadt, 2010). The term entropy is a measure of the degree to which energy has lost the capacity to perform useful work. Energy quality: According to the first energy law, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, one might think there will always be enough energy. Yet when you fill a cars tank with gasoline and drive around something is lost. If it isnt energy, then, what is it? The second law of energy, also known as the second law of thermodynamics provides the answer to this question. Energy varies in its quality or ability to do useful work. For useful work to occur energy must move or flow from a level of high-quality (more concentrated) energy to a level of lower-quality (less concentrated) energy like manifestation of the Second Law can be stated quite simply: Heat always flows spontaneously from hot (high-quality energy) to cold (low-quality energy). Heat energy will not flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It would be foolish to try to warm our hands on a block of ice although there is considerable heat in the ice. If we compare the heat of ice with the heat of liquid hydrogen, ice would appear to be very hot, indeed. It would be easy to build a machine that runs on the heat differential between the cold block of ice and the much colder liquid hydrogen. However, since the heat in the ice is at a much lower level than the heat in our body, heat cannot flow from the ice to our hands. We cannot warm our hands by immersing them in ice. We have always known this fact. Now we know why we cannot warm our hand by touching a block of ice. Any time work of any kind is done some energy is lost. In every mechanical

Introductory financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introductory financial accounting - Essay Example storical cost basis of presenting the information is more consistent and reliable way of presenting the information as compared to recording the information at fair value. This is mostly due to the implausible assumptions behind the computation of fair values by the organizations. Current financial crisis has highlighted once again the issues related with the use of market to market and convergence of accounting standards. It is widely accepted that one of the key reasons for the financial crisis was mark to market accounting under which banks were forced to write down the values of their assets and hence book the losses in their accounts. Mark- to Market value process therefore has the capability to create financial instability. (Enria, 2004). However, despite such arguments against the mark to market and convergence of accounting standards there are still important benefits or advantages which can be driven from the use of mark- to market accounting as well as the convergence of international accounting standards.( Ebling, 2001). The use of fair value accounting not only improves the characteristics of the financial accounting reporting but it also allow investors to have better insight into the overall affairs of the firm.( Chisnall,2001). This report will therefore attempt to discuss the advantages of international convergence of accounting standards, assessing the impact of mark-to market on the profit and loss, balance sheet amounts as well as gross margins of Wesfarmers Ltd. Further advantages and disadvantages of the use of historical cost as well as the market value will be discussed. As discussed above that one of the key debates at the international level involve the convergence of financial reporting standards and developed a mutually agreed conceptual framework for financial reporting at global level. This is also due to the fact that organizations are increasingly becoming global in nature with business interests in different parts of the

Critical Review of the Olympic Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Review of the Olympic Cities - Essay Example It is not a new phenomenon by many cities in promoting boosterism through the holding of big events. The American cities have held show case events in attracting visitors, investors and residents. Recently, this strategy has changed in many cities because of many factors such as change in federal urban policy and the high global economic competition. At the start of the 1980 there was shorted in the funds that were given by federal government in the development of the cities. This made other cities to come up with other strategies in the development of their cities. The mega events are not only symbolic but they are also considered present a good image for the cities. This image has resulted in the growth and economic development of the cities. There is a comparison between image creation and the local government. Image creation has ensured that there is allocation of resources at different cities. Mega events are a big push to the development of economic development. These events ar e recognised as a great opportunity for growth in many different cities. The Olympic Games are considered as the major mega events. This is because they able to increase tourist attraction and ensure the host company get a lot of revenue. Most importantly is that the host city get media recognition for their effort in holding the events. Methodology As part of the survey methodology different cities were selected where the event already been held. The survey was conducted on three cities which have experienced bidding as well as staging the Olympic game in areas such as Atlanta, Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. The focus in mainly on the Olympics as it has become the mega event during the global economic competition. The survey is conducted only on US cities due to the political economy of the federal system (Andranovich, Burbank, & Heying, 2001). The American cities are in a unique position with regards to hosting large events such as Olympics. Mega events occur with multi-dimension al and multipurpose of the aspect. The events in each city are examined over three key stages which involves, bidding for the game, organising and post games legacy. The three cities differ in terms of size, political history, social consumption and economic base. Therefore by comparing the cities the main aim is to identify the features of relationship between consumption based economic development and mega event strategy in urban politics. The journal Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega events, which aim to address the challenges and opportunities in hosting the Olympic Games and focusing on cities of Salt Lake City, Atlanta and Los Angeles. The focus is mainly on the adoption of strategy to conduct the mega event and the effect it had on urban policy (Andranovic, Burbank, & Heying, 2001). To begin with an overview of consumption on economic development has been discussed which had two dimensions which includes building convention centres and sports development. Many people aspire in learning how the mega event strategy contributes in the urban politics of the US. There are the cities in US that have high experience bidding in order to hold the Olympic Games (Andranovich, Bur

A Character From Everyman Essay Example for Free

A Character From Everyman Essay Everyman is a medieval play written by an anonymous author. The central theme of the play is that when the time to leave the world is approaching, an individual may end up being betrayed by his or her family and friends, and only good deeds is important at the end. God and religion are also important aspects in this Middle Age drama, because it portrays Everyman’s progress from fear of death to a â€Å"Christian resignation that is prelude to redemption† (115). The characters in the play consist of subjects, verbs, and objects. The main character in the drama is Everyman, but the name is a representation of mankind in general. Everyman asks other characters to follow him on his journey to death. Firstly, Everyman goes to Fellowship who is his friend, but the first to forsake him by suggesting drinking or socializing with women instead of going on journey of death. Secondly, he asks his family members, Kindred and Cousin, to join him on his journey. However, Kindred and Cousin are disloyal to Everyman by reminding him of the things he has never done for them. Thirdly, Everyman refers to Goods, which are Everyman’s belongings. However, he is disappointed to find out that he cannot take his material possessions with him to his grave. Fourthly, Everyman calls upon Good Deeds. Good Deeds is unable to accompany Everyman immediately, but recommends first going and speaking to knowledge. Lastly, Everyman takes Good Deed’s advice and goes to Knowledge. Knowledge leads Everyman to Confession in order for Everyman to acknowledge his sin and be forgiven. Good Deeds rises again and Everyman asks Good Deeds, Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits to join him on his journey to death. Although they all agree and follow him, they run away when they approach his grave except for Good Deeds. Therefore, by closing of the play the audience can conclude that Good Deeds is the only character who did not betray Everyman. In conclusion, Everyman is a medieval theater piece that teaches a lesson to the readers about the importance of life, which is that the things an individual does for others during his lifetime are what counts at the end of one’s life. Everyman first thought his family, friends, and belongings would be there when he dies, but realizes that none of that matters when life ends.

Impacts of Music Piracy

Impacts of Music Piracy In the future, the only way musicians will make money is by playing live. New federal legislation says universities must agree to provide not just deterrents but also alternatives to peer-to-peer piracy, such as paying monthly subscription fees to the music industry for their students, on penalty of losing all financial aid for their students. When record companies appeared, services they were providing were necessary in order for people to listen to recorded music, making and selling records was a major undertaking. This was a starting point of development of recording techniques and record studios, at that time making recorded music available to masses required a significant capital and investments, which in turn required a legal structure that would provide stable profits and return on the required investment. Music industry used to provide people with tools that were essential to listen to recorder music and the difference between that time and our days is that record companies charge people for permission to use tools people already have that they did not provide, that in fact people paid someone else for, yet the legal structure that developed during the time when that services were useful remains. The legal structure says if you don’t pay you are breaking the law therefore you are criminal and the reason it h as not been changed is because of â€Å"STARS† the entire structure of the record industry is built around their interests. Records produce good money for the industry and almost nothing goes to the pocket of musician. This particular diagram is a good example of old model of music production chain, In our days there is no need of Publisher, Distributors and in most cases manufacturers, modern technology allows to burn CDs at home publish own records using internet distributing the material across the World Wide Web physically and digitally. In old days, musician had to pay to almost every person in Music Production chain to record, studios, engineers, managers, labels, publishers, legal departments, distribution networks etc. in fact all of the departments and services belong to the same corporation and the record companies are not actually record companies at all. â€Å"To begin with, we should note that the major â€Å"record companies† are not actually record companies at all but huge media conglomerates. Most â€Å"independent† labels are owned by a corporate label. Each â€Å"major† is in turn owned by an even bigger corporation, and so on up the food chain. At the top of the chain sit a tiny handful of media giants: Time Warner, Disney, Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, Bertelsmann of Germany, Viacom (formerly CBS) and General Electric. These corporations are among the world’s largest. All are listed in Fortune Magazine’s â€Å"Global 500† largest corporations in the world. They have integrated both horizontally (owning lots of record labels, lots of newspapers, and radio stations) and vertically (controlling newspapers, magazines, book publishing houses, and movie and TV production studios, as well as print distribution systems, cable and broadcast TV networks, radio stations, telephone lines, s atellite systems, web portals, billboards, and more).† In contemporary world there are very few recording projects that actually require use of the Cutting-edge technology studios. The Internet and World Wide Web have changed the character of music distribution with laptops and desktop PCs loaded with hardware and software necessary for high-quality sound recording. All the hardware and software applications are available for the average class people not mentioning internet piracy and â€Å"cracked† software that is available to download using peer-to-peer applications. The problem of piracy has been rising for the past 10 years, and the numbers of â€Å"pirates† are growing day by day. From my personal experience every person that is using computer came across piracy and became victims or even the pirates themselves and the reason for that is simple, easy and user friendly peer-to-peer software takes only couple of minutes to setup and another minute to become familiar with interface and all the features, in another 10 minutes it is possible to find your favorite artist and download your favorite album. That is in fact so convenient that it is becoming only the question of conscience whether it is a problem or an opportunity to become pirate. Realizing the problem of piracy Sony tried innovative approach to earn money on digital music, In 2000 Sony launched online music store â€Å"the Store† where the price for a track was $3.50 that turned off many early adopters of the service moreover, users were actually only renting the tracks for that $3.50 and after a certain point the files expired and could not be played again without repurchase, which was not a successful attempt and service failed quickly. Having that experience In 2003 Apple inc. run iTunes Store, with tremendous success with the Ipod sales which no doubts influences Music industry and the policy of digital music distribution. That is a breakthrough for digital music and especially for mp3 format. According to information by Apple CEO Steve Jobs at the end of the second week of January, 2008, the store has sold 4 billion songs, accounting for more than 70% of worldwide online digital music sales. There were many disputes on the World Wide Web and newspapers and other mass media sources about Ipod users and digital music in overall, where topics like â€Å"Ipod users are thieves† were headline. My own opinion is that it looks like a Dog chasing own tail, on the one hand technologies are growing very fast and there is nothing to put on the 200 GB HDD except tons of music and movies, the same with iPods it is highly improbable to have that amount of music in physical quantity, 40gb of Ipods capacity is approximately 5000 tracks which is around 200 albums†¦ In our days it is becoming more and more difficult for the music industry to ignore the basic economics, technology progress and the outdated legal structures of the industry such as unenforceable property rights (because it is impossible to sue everyone) and â€Å"zero† production costs (Peer-to-Peer and file sharing systems became way too popular). All the big labels such as SONY BMG, Warner and others have now given up on DRM (â€Å"Short for digital rights management, a system for protecting the copyrights of data circulated via the Internet or other digital media by enabling secure distribution and/or disabling illegal distribution of the data. Typically, a DRM system protects intellectual property by either encrypting the data so that it can only be accessed by authorized users or marking the content with a digital watermark or similar method so that the content can not be freely distributed.†) Music Companies still trying to charge for their music, but it’s becoming more and more clear that as long as there is a free alternative (Peer-to peer and other file sharing systems), the price of music and other media will have to fall. â€Å"LONDON — U.S. rock star Prince gave away his new album for free with a U.K. tabloid newspaper, weeks before its official launch, in a move that has caused dismay among music retailers.† Some artists already started to use the situation and instead of fighting with the â€Å"problems† started to look for the advantages and opportunities. Marginal production costs are zero and like in case with software applications, it doesn’t cost anything to produce another digital copy that would be as good as the original, as soon as the first copy exists anyone can create additional copies. Unless effective technical, legal or other artificial barriers to production can be created, simple economic theory dictates that zero marginal cost plus competition (The possibility that consumer will create and spread another copy) results in a zero price, unless government creates artificial barriers to a free market. â€Å"Sure, Radiohead is on a sustained run as the most interesting and innovative band in rock, but what makes In Rainbows important — easily the most important release in the recent history of the music business — are its record label and its retail price: there is none, and there is none.† In October 2007 Radiohead announced that their new album â€Å"In Rainbows† will be available to download free of charge, the fact is, the networks and peer to peed file sharing systems have grown into easy-to-use distribution methods for music even easier than what Radiohead has bee offering. According to Forbes website (www.forbes.com) about 240.000 users has been downloading album using Peer-to peer (BitTorrent) sources â€Å"according to Big Champagne, a Los-Angeles-based company that tracks illegal downloading on the Internet. Over the following days, the file was downloaded about 100,000 more times each day—adding up to more than 500,000 total illegal downloads.† Radiohead offered to download their album for free the only requirement was to set up an account on the website, but according to statistics that turned out to be not â€Å"cheap† enough! The recorded music industry †¦ has for too long been dependent on how many CDs can be sold, writes Guy Hands, EMIs chairman. The industry, rather than embracing digitalization and the opportunities it brings for promotion of product and distribution through multiple channels, has stuck its head in the sand. Radioheads actions are a wake-up call which we should all welcome and respond to with creativity and energy. Nokia made a step forward offering music downloads for free on their mobiles by signing contract with Sony BMG â€Å" Nokia will offer free 12-month access to music from artists of Sony BMG, the worlds second-biggest label, to buyers of its particular music phones, the worlds top cellphone maker said on Tuesday. Last December, Nokia unveiled a similar deal for its Comes With Music phones with the top record label Universal.Comes With Music is expected to launch in the second half of 2008 on a range of Nokia devices in selected markets, Nokia said in a statement.Nokia gave no financial details.Sony BMG, home to artists including Beyonce, Bruce Springsteen and Celine Dion, is jointly owned by Sony Corp and German media group Bertelsmann AG.The new music offering from Nokia the first cellphone maker to push heavily into content would differ from any other package on the market as users can keep all the music they have downloaded during the 12 months.† My personal opinion is whether you agree or disagree that the prices for the music will be zero or about zero but it is going to happen if the authorities would not take drastic measures to solve the issues as it appears that there is no â€Å"easy† solution†¦ The new era is coming, the era of free recorded music and my believe is that everything is going in a right way, recorded music will become one of the marketing tools to get people to pay for the live concerts, that will put emphasis on organizational skills and on new dimension of the performances and performance quality which will result in cultural socialization and stronger community. In countries like Brazil people already started to use situation as an advantage and opportunity, people doing huge amount of remixes which resulting in new styles and music cultures like Techno Brega â€Å"In the North of Brazil, you have the Techno Brega movement. [..] You have a music producer who has a recording studio. [..] Probably a small one with good equipment. They invite the artists to these studios to make the CDs. They deliver it to the street vendors, so that they can replicate them. The only people making a profit out of CD sales are the street vendors. The musicians dont expect any money from releasing the CDs.† People realized that CD sales model is not an effective way to earn money in our days it is outgrown to promotion side of business and what people are doing now is using CDs to record actual performances and then sell it to people who have attended the performance which is a good souvenir and memory of the event. Services and web resources are developing for the benefits of artist. Web resources such as www.myspace.com or www.sellaband.com could be of great benefits to artist. Sellaband is a very perspective web project which is aimed to promote artist but in slightly different way then www.myspace.com, Artist creates a profile, uploading all the necessary information and maximum of 3 demo songs and looking for â€Å"believers†, each believer have to invest at least 10$ in artist and as soon as the amount of believers will reach 5000 the artist will receive 50000$ to record the album, after the album has been produced the believers will receive limited edition CDs with all the bonuses, all services are absolutely free as for believers as for the artist, that is a very bright idea as the â€Å"believers† could be a very good source of money which is very important for the first album, the amount of believers could be less then 5000, the main concept is to rise 50000$ therefore, i n this case it is possible for artist to divide the source of money between believers and himself so that it could be 50% from artist and 50% from believers. In conclusion, record labels are going down and struggling to make profits from CD sales and it appears that digital music selling is more reliable for revenue then CD sales. Copyrights and intellectual property rights law have to be updated to cooperate with current issues of piracy and file sharing protocols. CD Sales model has to be reincarnated to CD promotional model in order to regain the value of physical product with the emphasis put on live performances which should result in quality and cultural aspect of performances.

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay Introduction: Norman Fairclough, observes that there is a correlation between unequal power relations and the way language is used. In this essay, Im going to comment on language and power in analyzing discourse. Ill discuss different encounters that display power in discourse. Therefore, I categorize areas of constraints enacted through discourse and Provide examples of language indicators of power in the quoted discourse. Power in discourse includes powerful participants who control contributions of non-powerful participants. Constraints of speakers contributions have three types; Content: what is said or done. Relations: Social relations involved in discourse. Subjects: Subject positions which people can occupy. Ive chosen an encounter which displays power in discourse as a conversation between members of a family about buying a new house in Kuwait; 1.Husband: I think about buying a new house.Thus,I d like to ask about your opinions. 2.Wife: A good idea but you should think about which are and location rather than size of the housev or number of rooms. 3.Husband: Which area do you prefer? 4.Wife: internal areas such as Shweikh or Abdallah AL-Salm. 5.Husband:(angrily)Are you crazy?Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 6.Wife: What about other areas such as AL-Rawda,AL Sora,AL-Odyleyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 7.Husband:I told you that we dont have price of one house in these areas as the smallest one costs about one hundred seventy but we need a large house containg three rooms at least. 9.Sarah:(the oldest daughter) I need a private room as Im a university student and cant study with my little daughters.Thus,we need gour rooms at least. 10.Ahmed(the oldest son): I also need a private room. 11.Abdallah and Abdalaziz(twins):we alsop need a private room and dont like to change our school where we have all our friends.What about buying in this area? 12.Wife:(angirly) you will go to a better school and make new friendships. 13.Husband:What s your opinion,my parents? 14.Grandfather: what can I say as you decided to desert us? 15.Father:No,father,you will come with us. 16.Grandfather: I wont leave my house. 17.Grandmother: I wont leave my house.how vabout staying with us as the house is very large. 18.Wife: What about selling your house inorder to be able to buy a large house in luxurious areasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 19.Husband: I dont admit that as it is unfair to my brothers so Ill buy a house at our expenses only. 20.Ahmed:Dewanya is the most important place inh the house where all men meet,isnt it? 21.Father:Yes,it is very important. 22.Wife:(angirly)Where willyou build a house? 23.Husband: May be,in Said Al-Abdalah 24.Wife:(exclaiming),in Al-jahra.Ive never visited it.What can I say to all friends and relatives. 25.Husband: It have decided to do that. 26.Grandfather: You can stay with us after we reconstructed our house as we cant live without you. 27.Grandmother:It is good.Then,you can stay here , wont change your schools and have your private rooms. 28.Wife:It is agood idea.Then,we can do business to get more money and buy the house which we like,cant we? 29.Daughters and Sons:It is great father,we will stay with gramndparents and wont change our school. 30.Husband: Ill think about this idea. Father, as a power holder, exercises control over contributions of all family members in conversation as follows; In the opening turn,father,as a power holder in the house, announced to other members of the family what he is thinking about and identify their contributions in this subject Id like to ask about your opinions..In turn(1)He told them that he needs to know their opinions about buying a new house so he allows them indirectly to start talking and participate in such a conversation. Again in turn(13),father practices control of power over discourse when he asks his parents to tell their opinions What s your opinion,my parents?.However,he gives equal instructions to all participants to tell their opinions explicitly about buying a new house but when he notices that grandparents are silent, he asserts his desire to know their own opinions in turn(13).Father evaluated a lot of contribution from other members of the family in turns(21) explicitly when he asserted the importance of Dewanya Yes, its very important as his son suggested and in turn (30) implicitly when he decided to think about this idea. Father used positive evaluations in order to encourage other participants to continue their contributions in conversation. These are considered as arrogant if father address equal partners or more powerful ones. Wife made series of questions in turns(6),(18),and (22) which indicates that wife fails to master power in discourse. This is an appropriate tactic to maintain a lot of control on conversation as he asks most questions which all members of the family answer and express their disagreement on some suggestions or ideas concerning a new house. Family members answers show that they adhere to rights of conversation.However,some people cant imagine that father as a power holder can be asked and answer questions in turns(7),(15) and (19).Thats because father provides some space to other members of the family to make conversation continue on longer term. Obligations of family members to contribute in conversation are emphasized in turns (14),(23) and (26) by a pause(marked by a space dot) where there is a brief silence in which all eyes are on this participant who are responsible to tell his opinion. In turn(5),father uses a negative question Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which may be dependent on intonation or other circumstances of discourse. This question as if father suggested something before and wife contrasts this suggestion so his negative question makes his wife to look silly.Finally,in turns(25) and (30),father uses short sentences which seems to be hardly spoken as if he would like to end conversation as a power holder because he reaches his final decision concerning buying a new house or not. Question tags are used in (20)isnt it? and (28)cant we? which refers to the speakers suggestion but others may seem to disagree these suggestions. Question tags are used depending on intonation and other factors which affect conversation stream. Interruptions and overlaps occur in turns (6),(7) and (14) as constraints on content, relations and subjects arent well adopted. Wife and husband interrupted each others in these turns as if father fails to master power in discourse. Relations and subjects of the conversation are closely related as all these interruptions occur in the conversation. We have all types of constraints in this example. Concerning content, family members are required to tell their opinions about buying a new house. Relations are social between father and other family members. Subject positions include an aspirant father and other members of the family including grandparents. These constraints lead to particular forms of language. All constraints on discourse, whether content, subject or relation, dont appear to have direct control of power in discourse on other family members who participate in this conversation. When we examine conversation continum,we notice that father is the only responsible for giving all directive acts of speech particularly questions to other members of the family who are obliged to answer or at least give their opinions to father as a power holder over discourse. Family members play the role of fathers subordinate who must contribute by their views about topic of discussion which is buying a new house. Father doesnt control the discourse directly but family members are already constrained by conventions of discourse type which is previously identified. Although, father is a power holder who determines which discourse can be admitted, other powerful participants, such as a wife, can produce directive speech acts particularly making questions as what occurs in turns (6),(18) and (22) so wife as a powerful participant can indirectly constrain the participants by selecting the discourse type. The most important constraint is self-constraint as all participants adhere to conventions of discourse whether powerful or non powerful participants.However,father as the most powerful participant manages to master discourse very skillfully and provides space for other non-powerful participants to make their contributions or even interruptions in different degrees and distances. In turn(6),wife interrupts father not because she would like to do all the talking or control discourse but because she would like to relieve fathers anger from her previous contribution in conversation.However,in turn (7),father interrupts wife in order to control her co ntribution in the conversation as a power holder who has the right to practice power in discourse over other family members particularly his wife who should give correct participation as he expects. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Let us begin with a text where struggle is clear in an interview between a student(S) who is accused of making trouble at school and a teacher(T); 1.T: Why didnt you leave school at 2 p.m? 2.S: I didnt use to leave school immediately at 2.p.m. 3.T: Why is that? 4.S: That is clear, isnt it?I,m waiting for may classmates to go together. 5.T: Well. There arent any students at school at that time, are there? 6.S: No, none of students are there at that time, are they? what about .students who were collecting there? 7.T: That was last year.However,Iamnt convinced that you are innocent as you said.Hence,did you go to the court instead of going straight home? 8.S: I thought that my classmates might come to the court.Anyway,we usually meet at the court. In this conversation, the teacher exercises control over students contributions. They both adhere to rights and obligations of discourse which readers or listeners can expect in such an interview.However,I dont expect that a student asks a question and a teacher answers. Audience may expect that teacher exercises more control over discourse than all people expect. He tends to exceed his discourse rights and doesnt adhere to his obligations.Firstly,the student challenges teachers questions in two occasions(turn 2 and 4),instead of answering teachers questions directly.However,the student provides an answer to a question implicitly in (2) and introduced it after he challenges the teachers question in (4).In addition in (6),the student asks a question which the teacher answers as all listeners or readers dont expect. On the other hand, a student gives an answer in turns (6) and (8) which is irrelevant to what the teacher wants to know.However,all expect that the teacher can force the st udent to requirement of an interview or which should have a relatively formal setting but he deals with a teacher as a peer. It is evident in a students vocabulraystudents,collecting,the court,meet.Audience thinks that a student who uses these vocabulary Must be influenced by the interviews setting,occasion,power and distance which separates him from the teacher. The teacher maintains a lot of control on an interview as he asks most questions which the student answers fairly with some complaint. The students answers indicate some adherence to rights and obligations of conversation., The teacher, as a power holder, yields some ground to the student in order to pursue a strategy of a long term. This may be an interpretation of the teachers failure to immediate challenge to the students questions but he answers them and let his challenge pass as he accepts it. This example shows how a social struggle of power between a student who shows that he isnt affected by school authority as he challenges conventional constraints of discourse in such situations. There are three levels of social organisation;situational,institutional and societal. We have described what is going on a situational level.However,we havent a adopted a social pattern to which a student belongs to the same class of society as all young people so the teacher uses appropriate tactics which are standard for dealing with all individuals of his class. At institutional level, law and the family are similar institutions which shows the same struggle between young people as a social struggle at an institutional level as the school can be considered as a social institution. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Conclusion: In conclusion, some speakers have power in discourse as they exercise control on other participants of discourse. discourse is seen as a place where speakers exercise relations of power. On the other hand, power behind discourse is related to how relations of power constitute discourse order in society. Power cant be held by definite persons for ever but it is won and lost through social struggle. In my opinion, there is continuous inequalities between people, there is always power in discourse, power behind discourse and social struggle in discourse.

Irvings American Progeny Essay -- essays papers

Irvings American Progeny Washington Irving had the unique opportunity of helping a new nation forge its own identity. America, fresh out of the revolution, looked for an author to take charge and create something that seemed to be missing from the newly born nation. He took this responsibility seriously and made a mythology that founded an American literary tradition. He took bits and pieces from the Old World and incorporated them into the New in such a manner that what he wrote appeared original, and yet tied into a tradition that was centuries old. He did this in a manner that astonished many Europeans who believed an American could never produce literature with such a strong English foundation. Although Irving relied heavily on European influence, he drew distinct lines between the American and the European and his plot lines illustrate the struggle between the United States and England. This amazing period in the nation’s history provided an excellent backdrop for Irving’s work. â€Å"‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ (is)†¦a celebration of the bounty of the United States,† (Bowden, 72). This bounty fueled the fire of social change that was burning in the U.S. at the time. â€Å"If we ever had a period during which social progress was not retarded then it was exactly the period Rip slept through. In that generation we were transformed from a group of loosely bound and often provincial colonies into a cocky and independent republic with a new kind of government and—as the story itself makes clear enough—a whole new and new-fashioned spirit,† (Young, 466). Irving took full advantage of the new scene around him, and immortalized himself by demonstrating the importance of what he saw. â€Å"‘When I first wrote the Legend of Rip Van Winkle,†... ...59): 137-149. Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 330-342. Roth, Martin, Comedy and America. Port Washington: Kennidat, 1976. Snell, George, â€Å"Washington Irving: A Revelation.† The Shapers of American Fiction: 1798-1947, (1947). 105-16. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1982. 382-383. Springer, Haskell. â€Å"Introduction to Rip Van Winkle & The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.† (1974). Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 480-486. Wagenknecht, Edward, Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed. New York: Oxford UP, 1962. Young, Philip, Fallen From Time: Rip Van Winkle. Kenyon Review, Vol. XXII (1960): 547-73. 457-479.